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Inhibitory effect of coffee on gut microbiota growth in vitro. Serial dilutions of intraluminal fecal contents isolated from the ileum (5~10 cm from the ileum-colon junction, (A) and colon (5 cm from the end of colon, (B) of naïve rats were plated on regular LB agar and LB agar containing 1.5% coffee, 3.0% coffee, and 3.0% decaffeinated coffee (decaf). Bacterial colonies were counted 24 h later. N = 4 or 5 independent experiments, # p < 0.05 vs. control (Ctr.); * p < 0.001 vs. Ctr.
