Figure 2.

In vivo effect of coffee on gut microbiota in the ileum and colon determined by bacterial culture (anaerobic in GAM+ aerobic in TSA). Regular coffee solution (250 mg in 2 mL water) was administered by oral gavage daily for 3 days. Sham rats were treated similarly, but with 2 mL of saline. Rats were euthanized 3 days later (24 h after the 3rd coffee treatment). The intraluminal contents from the ileum (A) and colon (B) were collected. The ileal and colonic contents were cultured in anaerobic (GAM) and aerobic (TSA) conditions. The total bacteria abundance (CPU/gram of luminal contents) was counted. N = 4 or 5 rats. * p < 0.05 vs. sham.