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. Author manuscript; available in PMC: 2022 Nov 25.
Published in final edited form as: Neurosci Biobehav Rev. 2022 Jan 25;135:104544. doi: 10.1016/j.neubiorev.2022.104544

Figure 5: BDNF Increases GABAergic Activity:

Figure 5:

1.) Opioid metabolite (e.g., M3G) binding to TLR4 induces increased release of BDNF. 2.) Elevated levels of BDNF downregulates KCC2 potassium-chloride cotransporters located on GABAergic neurons. 3.) The downregulation of the KCC2 cotransporters results in disruption of chloride (Cl−) homeostasis by increasing the intracellular concentration of Cl−. 4.) In such conditions, the activation of GABAA receptors on the GABAergic neurons results in the efflux of anions which leads to a more positive/depolarized state, increasing the excitability of the GABAergic neurons.