Table 1.
Patient Characteristics and Clinical Outcomes
| Derivation Cohort (n = 2,383) | Validation Cohort (n = 2,011) | P Value | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Baseline characteristics | |||
| Age, y | 73.8 ± 10.8 | 73.3 ± 10.9 | 0.20 |
| Female | 933 (39) | 832 (41) | 0.13 |
| Body mass index, kg/m2 | 23.2 ± 4.2 | 23.0 ± 3.8 | 0.14 |
| Body weight, kg | 59.6 ± 13.8 | 59.2 ± 13.1 | 0.37 |
| Systolic blood pressure, mmHg | 125 ± 18 | 125 ± 20 | 0.97 |
| Pulse rate, beats/min | 80 ± 17 | 77 ± 15 | <0.001 |
| Paroxysmal AF | 1,055 (44) | 1,139 (57) | <0.001 |
| Smoking history | 969 (54) | 522 (41) | <0.001 |
| Medical history | |||
| Pre-existing HF | 700 (29) | 504 (25) | 0.001 |
| History of stroke/SE | 502 (21) | 381 (19) | 0.081 |
| Coronary artery disease | 335 (14) | 309 (15) | 0.22 |
| Valvular heart disease | 440 (18) | 317 (16) | 0.018 |
| Cardiomyopathy | 59 (2) | 63 (3) | 0.19 |
| Hypertension | 1,609 (68) | 1,164 (58) | <0.001 |
| Dyslipidemia | 978 (41) | 965 (48) | <0.001 |
| Diabetes mellitus | 600 (25) | 437 (22) | 0.007 |
| Peripheral artery disease | 108 (5) | 70 (3) | 0.078 |
| Chronic kidney disease | 943 (40) | 640 (32) | <0.001 |
| COPD | 132 (6) | 100 (5) | 0.40 |
| History of major bleeding | 104 (4) | 94 (5) | 0.62 |
| Prescription at baseline | |||
| Oral anticoagulants | 1,258 (53) | 1,168 (59) | <0.001 |
| Warfarin | 893 (38) | 896 (45) | <0.001 |
| DOAC | 365 (15) | 272 (14) | 0.13 |
| ACE-I/ARBs | 1,133 (48) | 814 (41) | <0.001 |
| Beta-blockers | 674 (28) | 676 (34) | <0.001 |
| Loop diuretics | 585 (25) | 407 (20) | 0.001 |
| Biomarkers | |||
| NT-proBNP, ng/L | 799 (295-1,839) | 756 (288-1,799) | 0.69 |
| BNP, ng/L | 180 (60-343) | 106 (46-217) | 0.002 |
| Calculated CrCl, mL/min | 56.9 (40.6-77.0) | 58.1 (41.4-76.0) | 0.67 |
| Hemoglobin, g/dL | 12.8 ± 2.1 | 13.1 ± 2.0 | <0.001 |
| Sodium, mEq/L | 140 ± 3 | 141 ± 3 | <0.001 |
| Uric acid, mg/dL | 6.1 ± 1.8 | 5.9 ± 2.1 | <0.001 |
| Glucose, mg/dL | 119 ± 41 | 116 ± 41 | 0.036 |
| Chest x-ray data | |||
| Cardio-thoracic ratio, % | 54 ± 7 | 55 ± 7 | <0.001 |
| Echocardiographic data | |||
| LV end-diastolic diameter, mm | 46.5 ± 6.5 | 46.6 ± 6.2 | 0.57 |
| LV end-systolic diameter, mm | 31.0 ± 6.8 | 30.0 ± 6.7 | <0.001 |
| LV ejection fraction, % | 61.4 ± 11.8 | 64.7 ± 11.2 | <0.001 |
| LV asynergy | 420 (21) | 354 (23) | 0.11 |
| Left atrial diameter, mm | 43.1 ± 8.2 | 44.0 ± 8.2 | 0.002 |
| Clinical outcomes | |||
| Hospitalization for HF | 378 (16) | 228 (11) | <0.001 |
| All-cause death | 631 (26) | 355 (18) | <0.001 |
| Follow-up period, y | 4.0 (2.0-7.0) | 5.0 (2.1-7.4) | <0.001 |
Values are mean ± SD, n (%), or median (IQR).
ACE-I = angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitor; AF = atrial fibrillation; ARB = angiotensin receptor blocker; BNP = B-type natriuretic peptide; COPD = chronic obstructive pulmonary disease; CrCl = creatinine clearance; DOAC = direct oral anticoagulants; HF = heart failure; LV = left ventricular; NT-proBNP = N-terminal pro B-type natriuretic peptide; SE = systemic embolism.