Table 1.
Outcomes and assessments.
| Outcomes and specific variables |
Assessment | ||
| Muscle fiber size (muscle fiber cross-sectional area) | Cross-sections of muscle biopsies | ||
| Number of myonuclei per muscle fiber (myonuclei/fiber) | Cross-sections of muscle biopsies | ||
| Number of satellite cells per muscle fiber (satellite cell/fiber) | Cross-sections of muscle biopsies | ||
| Proteins involved in muscle hypertrophy (PI3Ka/Aktb/mTORc-pathway, including but not limited to mTORc, P70s6kd, 4EBP1e, eIF4Af) | Western blot | ||
| Proteins involved in muscle protein degradation (including but not limited to FOXOg, ubiquitin ligase E2, LC3h (I and II), p62i, myostatin, as well as ubiquitinated proteins) | Western blot | ||
| Mitochondrial function | |||
|
|
CSj, COX4k, HADHl | Western blot | |
|
|
Mitochondrial structure | Cross-sections and whole fiber preparations of muscle biopsies | |
| Cellular stress | |||
|
|
Heat shock protein (Hsp)27, Hsp60, Hsp70 | Cross-sections of muscle biopsies, western blot | |
|
|
DNA damage | Comet assay | |
| Physical function | |||
|
|
Muscle strength | 1 repetition maximum in chest press and knee extension. | |
|
|
Muscular endurance | Repetitions until failure at 30% of 1 repetition maximum | |
|
|
Cardiorespiratory fitness | Maximal oxygen uptake | |
|
|
Lactate threshold | Blood lactate profile | |
| Potential antitumor myokines (including, but not limited to interleukin (IL)-6, IL-15, SPARCm, TWEAKn, IL-8, IL-10, IL-1β, IFN-γo, TNF-αp, TNFR1q) | mRNA levels by real-time polymerase chain reaction analyses and protein levels by western blot and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay | ||
| Body composition | |||
|
|
Lean body mass, total fat mass | Dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry | |
|
|
BMI | Weight and height | |
| Physical activity (level) | SenseWear Armband | ||
| Serological outcomes (hemoglobin, creatine, cortisol, high-sensitivity C-reactive protein, total cholesterol, low-density lipoprotein cholesterol, high-density lipoprotein cholesterol, HbA1c) | Standard clinical measures | ||
| Quality of life and fatigue | |||
|
|
Fatigue | Multidimensional fatigue inventory | |
|
|
Pain | Brief pain inventory | |
|
|
Health-related quality of life | European Organization for the Research and Treatment of Cancer Quality of Life Questionnaire Core 30, The European Organization for the Research and Treatment of Cancer Quality of Life for breast cancer | |
| Sociodemographic data (age, partnership, number and age of children living at home, education, income, work and sick leave) | Study-specific questionnaire | ||
| Lifestyle data (dietary habits, alcohol consumption, physical activity level, weight, and tobacco use) | Study-specific questionnaire | ||
| Behavioral data (motivation, self-efficacy, and barriers to training) | Study-specific questionnaire | ||
| Disease-specific information (diagnosis, type, and dose of oncological treatment, adherence to oncological treatment) | Medical records | ||
| Adverse events (adverse events occurring during exercise training sessions and during muscle biopsy sampling) | Reported by coaches/technicians | ||
aPI3K: phosphoinositol-3-kinase.
bAkt: protein kinase B.
cmTOR: mechanistic target of rapamycin.
dP70s6k: ribosomal protein S6 kinase.
e4EBP1: eukaryotic translation initiation factor 4E-binding protein 1.
feIF4A: eukaryotic initiation factor-4A.
gFOXO: forkhead box O.
hLC3: microtubule-associated protein 1 light chain 3.
ip62: ubiquitin-binding protein p62.
jCS: citrate synthase.
kCOX4: cytochrome c oxidase subunit 4.
lHADH: 3-hydroxyacyl-CoA-dehydrogenase.
mSPARC: secreted protein acidic and rich in cysteine.
nTWEAK: TNF-related weak inducer of apoptosis.
oIFN-γ: interferon γ.
pTNF-α: tumor necrosis factor-α.
qTNFR1: tumor necrosis factor receptor 1.