Table 3. The relationship of patient characteristics and influenza vaccination history with COVID-19 hospitalization in the general population .
| Predictor | Hospitalized | Non- Hospitalized | Univariate | Multivariate | ||
| N (%) / Mean (SD) | OR(95% CI) | P-value | OR(95% CI) | P-value | ||
| Age | 58.4 (18.63) | 49.6 (17.16) | 1.03 (0.004-1.05) | 0.019 | 1.02 (0.98-1.06) | 0.219 |
| BMI | 28.7 (4.11) | 29.6 (5.24) | 0.95 (0.87-1.04) | 0.297 | ||
| Flu vaccination | ||||||
| Yes | 18 (6.7) | 3 (10.7) | 0.60 (0.17-2.18) | 0.438 | ||
| No | 250 (93.3) | 25 (89.3) | Referent | |||
| Sex | ||||||
| Male | 129 (48.1) | 14 (50.0) | Referent | |||
| Female | 139 (51.9) | 14 (50.0) | 1.08 (0.49-2.35) | 0.851 | ||
| Education | ||||||
| Illiterate | 69 (25.7) | 8 (28.6) | Referent | Referent | ||
| Primary | 89 (33.2) | 7 (25.0) | 1.47 (0.51-4.26) | 0.474 | 4.61 (1.08-19.77) | 0.040 |
| Secondary | 81 (30.2) | 3 (10.7) | 3.13 (0.80-12.26) | 0.101 | 19.26 (2.99-23.92) | 0.002 |
| Tertiary | 19 (7.1) | 10 (35.7) | 0.22 (0.08-0.64) | 0.005 | 0.83 (0.16-4.27) | 0.822 |
| Master’s + | 10 (3.7) | 0 (0) | - | 0.999 | - | 0.999 |
| Job | ||||||
| Unemployed/ Housewife |
148 (55.2) | 13 (46.4) | Referent | Referent | ||
| Retired | 35 (13.1) | 1 (3.6) | 3.07 (0.39-4.29) | 0.287 | 1.99 (0.20-9.75) | 0.553 |
| Manual | 54 (20.1) | 7 (25.0) | 0.68 (0.26-1.79) | 0.432 | 0.60 (0.17-2.11) | 0.426 |
| Clerical | 0 (0) | 0 (0) | - | - | - | - |
| Technicians | 26 (9.7) | 4 (14.3) | 0.57 (0.17-1.89) | 0.358 | 1.85 (0.34-10.11) | 0.477 |
| Professional | 1 (0.4) | 2 (7.1) | 0.04 (0.004-0.52) | 0.013 | 0.60 (0.01-1.16) | 0.062 |
| Hypertension | ||||||
| Yes | 133 (49.6) | 6 (21.4) | Referent | Referent | ||
| No | 135 (50.4) | 22 (78.6) | 0.28 (0.11-0.70) | 0.007 | 0.36 (0.11-1.28) | 0.116 |
| Diabetes | ||||||
| Yes | 98 (36.6) | 3 (10.7) | Referent | Referent | ||
| No | 170 (63.4) | 25 (89.3) | 0.21 (0.06-0.71) | 0.012 | 0.34 (0.09-1.32) | 0.119 |
| Smoking | ||||||
| Yes | 37 (13.8) | 5 (17.9) | Referent | |||
| No | 231 (86.2) | 23 (82.1) | 1.36 (0.49-3.79) | 0.560 | ||
| Heart disease | ||||||
| Yes | 46 (17.2) | 1 (3.6) | Referent | |||
| No | 222 (82.8) | 27 (96.4) | 0.18 (0.03-1.35) | 0.095 | ||
| Renal disease | ||||||
| Yes | 7 (2.6) | 0 (0) | Referent | |||
| No | 261 (97.4) | 28 (100) | - | 0.999 | ||
| Asthma | ||||||
| Yes | 41 (15.3) | 3 (10.7) | Referent | |||
| No | 227 (84.7) | 25 (89.3) | 0.66 (0.19-2.30) | 0.519 | ||
| Cancer history | ||||||
| Yes | 6 (2.2) | 0 (0) | Referent | |||
| No | 262 (97.8) | 28 (100) | - | 0.999 | ||
| Cortone therapy | ||||||
| Yes | 8 (3.0) | 1 (3.6) | Referent | |||
| No | 260 (97.0) | 27 (96.4) | 1.20 (0.15-9.99) | 0.864 | ||
SD: standard deviation, OR: odds ratio, CI: confidence interval.