Table 5. The relationship of patient characteristics and influenza vaccination history with COVID-19 hospitalization in healthcare workers .
| Predictor | Hospitalized | Non- Hospitalized | Univariate | Multivariate | ||
| N (%) / Mean (SD) | OR (95% CI) | P-value | OR (95% CI) | P-value | ||
| Age | 41.1 (10.09) | 38.1 (9.32) | 1.03 (0.99-1.07) | 0.058 | ||
| BMI | 27.7 (4.57) | 26.3 (3.72) | 1.09 (1.01-1.18) | 0.028 | 1.01 (0.92-1.11) | 0.864 |
| Flu vaccination | ||||||
| Yes | 17 (45.9) | 162 (27.8) | 2.21 (1.13-4.32) | 0.021 | 1.94 (0.95-3.95) | 0.069 |
| No | 20 (54.1) | 421 (72.2) | Referent | Referent | ||
| Sex | ||||||
| Male | 18 (48.6) | 204 (35.0) | Referent | |||
| Female | 19 (51.4) | 379 (65.0) | 0.57 (0.29-1.11) | 0.097 | ||
| Education | ||||||
| Illiterate | 0 (0) | 0 (0) | ||||
| Primary | 3 (8.1) | 13 (2.2) | Referent | Referent | ||
| Secondary | 8 (21.6) | 75 (12.9) | 0.46 (0.11-1.97) | 0.297 | 0.47 (0.09-2.32) | 0.351 |
| Tertiary | 13 (35.1) | 352 (60.4) | 0.16 (0.04-0.63) | 0.009 | 0.20 (0.04-0.95) | 0.043 |
| Master’s + | 13 (35.1) | 143 (24.5) | 0.39 (0.09-1.56) | 0.185 | 0.38 (0.08-1.79) | 0.221 |
| Job | ||||||
| Unemployed/ Housewife |
0 (0) | 0 (0) | ||||
| Retired | 0 (0) | 0 (0) | ||||
| Manual | 0 (0) | 2 (0.3) | Referent | |||
| Clerical | 14 (37.8) | 121 (20.8) | - | 0.999 | ||
| Technicians | 15 (40.5) | 381 (65.4) | - | 0.999 | ||
| Professional | 8 (21.6) | 79 (13.6) | - | 0.999 | ||
| Hypertension | ||||||
| Yes | 12 (32.4) | 33 (5.7) | Referent | Referent | ||
| No | 25 (67.6) | 550 (94.3) | 0.13 (0.06-0.27) | <0.001 | 0.15 (0.06-0.36) | <0.001 |
| Diabetes | ||||||
| Yes | 5 (13.5) | 31 (5.3) | Referent | Referent | ||
| No | 32 (86.5) | 552 (94.7) | 0.36 (0.13-0.98) | 0.047 | 0.93 (0.29-2.96) | 0.911 |
| Smoking | ||||||
| Yes | 3 (8.1) | 33 (5.7) | Referent | |||
| No | 34 (91.9) | 550 (94.3) | 0.68 (0.20-2.33) | 0.539 | ||
| Heart disease | ||||||
| Yes | 1 (2.7) | 6 (1.0) | Referent | |||
| No | 36 (97.3) | 557 (99.0) | 0.37 (0.04-3.19) | 0.369 | ||
| Renal disease | ||||||
| Yes | 1 (2.7) | 0 (0) | Referent | |||
| No | 36 (97.3) | 583 (100) | - | 0.999 | ||
| Asthma | ||||||
| Yes | 3 (8.1) | 14 (2.4) | Referent | |||
| No | 34 (91.9) | 569 (97.6) | 0.28 (0.08-1.02) | 0.053 | ||
| Cancer history | ||||||
| Yes | 1 (2.7) | 2 (0.3) | Referent | |||
| No | 36 (97.3) | 581 (99.7) | 0.13 (0.01-1.39) | 0.091 | ||
| Cortone therapy | ||||||
| Yes | 1 (2.7) | 15 (2.6) | Referent | |||
| No | 36 (97.3) | 568 (97.4) | 0.95 (0.12-7.4) | 0.961 | ||
SD: standard deviation, OR: odds ratio, CI: confidence interval.