Table 2. HISs challenge and causes of failure and success extracted from selected studies .

Author	Year	Place	Type of research	Type of information system	Challenge and Causes of Failure	Causes of success
Sahay (11)	2001	Developing Countries	Narrative Review	Information and Communication technologies in healthcare	Insignificant use of data Low quality of data Function of health information systems in parallel Lack of prompt reporting and effective and timely reviews Unrelated information collected to fulfill the intended purposes
Oak (12)	2007	Developing Countries	Narrative Review	Geographic InformationSystem	financial restrictions - Disparities in wages - pricypayments of usage bills and telephone time -primitive health information system payments- Inadequate resources- politics Conflicts of interest with medical profession Culture and socio-ecological factors Population inflation and social crises Enforcing the legislation convincing individuals to new technologies Availability and visibility of health research Lack of infrastructures, untrained personnel data management
Asangansi (13)	2012	Africa	case study	Health Management Information System	Inadequate logic of institutions that consider the system implementation process - Numerous errors in system implementation	Improving the performance of a health information management system - a strategy based on logic
Al-Yaseen (14)	2012	Asia	case study	health information systems in private hospitals	practitioners are not appreciating the full gains of HIS and need to be aware of such gainsabsense of acknowledgementis evidently behind the apparent deficitof developmentof HIS,
Cline and Luiz (15)	2013	Africa	case study	Hospital Information System	Computer time consuming - systems are not automated	Increase employee satisfaction, improve resource management, reduce transaction costs, Better security and privacy
Forazin and Joia (16)	2013	south America	case study with a review	Health Information System	No system updates, General error, Tolerance error, duplication error, repetition error	Ability to interact with other systems - use the experiences of developed countries
Khalifa (17)	2013	Asia	Explorative method used a questionnaire	Electronic Medical Records	Lack of experience of people - technical, Financial, organizational, legal, professional and human obstacles
Sadoughi et al (18)	2013	Developing Countries	systematic review	Hospital Information System	User unsatisfaction Improper usability	Improvements of Financial, organizational, behavioral and managerial Technical
Aziz and Mohamadali (19)	2015	Asia	Review article	Hospital Information System	Provides continuing education Use of management rules	shortage of manpower Non-sharing of information
Ishijima et al (20)	2015	Africa	case study	Human Resource for Health Information System (HRHIS) and the Training Institution Information System(TIS)	Large amount of information	Improvement of system management performance – use of experts
Othman and Hayajneh (21)	2015	Asia	Descriptive-cross sectional	Electronic Medical Record		Employee learning and growth, promotion Financial, customer satisfaction, quality of health information, system, internal process
Tilahun and Fritz (22)	2015	Africa	quantitative cross sectional study	Electronic Medical Record	Insufficient resources, problems in the quality of services and information and user satisfaction	Increase user satisfaction, quality of services, quality of information
Verbeke et al (23)	2015	Africa	Review article	Hospital Information System	clear communication, real-time scheduling Manage ongoing changes	Unclear goals, poor management, insufficient skills, inadequate training
Sidek and Martins (24)	2017	Asia	Grounded Theory	electronic health record system	software practices overall management culture; technical glitches, consistency in data records and episodes of data miss	usability, requirements analysis, training, change management, project organization;
Alipour et al (25)	2017	Asia	cross-sectional descriptive and analytic	hospital information system	educational factors organizational factor	behavioral factor
Mohamadali and Azizah (26)	2017	Asia	Review article	hospital information system in hospitals	technological barriers ineffective design, data loss usefulness of the IT inadequate equipment, lack of internet access compatibility, readiness, availability and network stability, Content complexity in the design Data quality and data authenticity, Lack of system integration, Poor interface and less user- friendly, Time consuming Poor usability, functionality and performance Inconvenience practice
deRiel et al (27)	2018	south America	case study	electronic medical records (EMRs)		ethical, financial, functionality, organizational, political, technical and training balancing expensesin hardware and software infrastructure upkeep, user capacity and data quality control; implementinga system within the context of the larger eHealth ecosystem with a strategy for interoperability and data exchange; providing system governance and strong coaching to support local system ownership and planning for system financing to ensure sustainability
ChePa et al (28)	2018	Asia	Interventional	Information System (IS) in government hospitals	Resistance to change conflict between users human problems (workload, readiness, priority, skill, mentality, desire, outlook, feeling, initiative, perception, commitment, awareness, personal interest, and user dependence). Support and technology Software limitation issues.
Kpobi et al (29)	2018	Asia	Individual semi-structured interviews	mental health information system	Expanded work load, low staff involvement and training, and lack of logistic support to maintain the system working. limited number of computers available at the hospital, absense of enthusiasm in the optimal use of the MHIS, does not meet the needs of all the different categories of users
Sahay et al (30)	2018	Asia	case studies	Universal Health Coverage (UHC) robust Civil Registra- tion and Vital Statistics (CRVS)	low and incomplete infrastructure, insufficient and unevenly distributed resources, absense of acceptable capacity to deal with the complexity they entail
Ebnehoseini et al (31)	2019	Asia	Survey	Healthcare Information Systems		usability, information security, completeness and job relevancy operational reliability, response time, log in and support
Afrizal et al (32)	2019	Asia	qualitative study done by conducting in-depth interviews	Primary health care information system	lack of commitment, lack of care difficult to use electronic documentation for outside activities Limited electricity the policy for the developing of information systems in the PHC is still not yet available.	Access to internet-Computer availability- Availability of IT team/unit- Electricity power- Occasional IT use-users computer skills-Workload-Employee Turnover-Lack of training in IT Resistance of change-Budget Constraints-Security Absence of planning, project administration -Lack of financial incentives-Lack of technology support-Loss of fertility Absense of functions, not meet the practice needs-Absense of System maintenance
Abbas and Singh (33)	2019	Africa	qualitative -semi structured interviews	Picture Archiving and Communication Systems (PACS)	Space and inappropriate furniture, Insufficient infrastructure, Protection of equipment, Hospital financial constraints, Lack of IT knowledge, Resistance to change, Image storage capacity, System maturity, Software and hardware encounters, Maintaining the radiology workflow, Vendor related concerns
Mayston et al (34)	2020	low and middle-income countries chronic	Review article	mental healthcare	behavioral, technical and organizational determinants resource allocation poor quality unreliable of data incomplete management and administrative capacity to use data effectively to support decision-making lack of healthcare personnel with health informatics training deficits in IT infrastructure, absence of computers, networking equipment, internet connectivity interoperability between different EHR systems is poor challenge of mixture of the new data collection with current information systems, insufficient decentralization	data collection is planned in association with local stakeholders, there is some sign of success completion and accuracy of data forms