Table 1.
Characteristics of Included Studies
| Study (Author, Year) | Interventions | Patients (n) | Diagnostic Criteria | Female (%) | Age (Mean) | ITT Analysis | Outcomes Assessed | Duration (Weeks) | Frequency (x/Week) | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Randomized | Analysed | |||||||||
| Medeiros, 202063 | Mind-body exercises Pool-based aerobic exercises |
21 21 |
21 21 |
ACR 2010 | 100% 100% |
45.5 50.7 |
Yes | PainP1/Quality of Life/SleepS1 | 12 | 2 |
| Gavi, 201464 | Strength or resistance exercises Stretching exercises |
40 40 |
35 31 |
ACR 1990 | 100% 100% |
44.3 48.7 |
No | Quality of Life/ AnxietyA3/ DepressionD1 | 16 | 2 |
| Glasgow, 201765 | Strength or resistance exercises Non-intervention control |
14 12 |
13 12 |
ACR 2010 | 100% 100% |
52 Overall |
No | Quality of Life | 8 | 2 |
| Garijo, 202146 | Land-based aerobic exercises Non-intervention control |
17 17 |
17 17 |
ACR 2016 | 100% 100% |
51.8 55.1 |
Yes | PainP1/Quality of Life/AnxietyA1/ DepressionD3 | 15 | 2 |
| Alventosa1, 202047 | Land-based aerobic exercises Non-intervention control |
16 16 |
16 16 |
ACR 2016 | 100% 100% |
53.1 55.1 |
No | Quality of Life/AnxietyA1/DepressionD1 | 8 | 2 |
| Alventosa2, 202048 | Land-based aerobic exercises Non-intervention control |
16 16 |
16 16 |
ACR 2016 | 100% 100% |
53.3 Overall |
No | PainP1 | 8 | 2 |
| Alventosa, 202149 | Land-based aerobic exercises Non-intervention control |
16 16 |
16 16 |
ACR 2016 | 100% 100% |
53.1 55.1 |
No | PainP1/Quality of Life | 8 | 2 |
| Gallego, 201866 | Pool-based aerobic exercises Land-based aerobic exercises |
45 45 |
37 36 |
ACR 1990 | 100% 100% |
58.1 58.3 |
No | PainP1/Quality of Life/ DepressionD4 | 20 | 2 |
| Altan, 200967 | Mind-body exercises Stretching exercises |
25 25 |
25 24 |
ACR 1990 | 100% 100% |
48.2 50 |
No | PainP1/Quality of Life | 12 | 3 |
| Andrade, 201868 | Strength or resistance exercises Non-intervention control |
26 23 |
25 21 |
ACR 1990 | 100% 100% |
52 50.6 |
No | Quality of Life/SleepS1/AnxietyA2/DepressionD1 | 4 | 3 |
| Andrade, 201769 | Strength or resistance exercises Non-intervention control |
38 38 |
31 21 |
ACR 1990 | 97% 95% |
54.4 53.1 |
No | PainP1/SleepS1 | 8 | 3 |
| Andrade, 201970 | Pool-based aerobic exercises Non-intervention control |
27 27 |
27 27 |
ACR 1990/2010 | 100% 100% |
48 47 |
Yes | PainP1/Quality of Life/SleepS1/AnxietyA2/DepressionD1 | 16 | 2 |
| Arakaki, 202171 | Strength or resistance exercises Stretching exercises |
30 30 |
30 30 |
ACR 1990 | 100% 100% |
47.4 47.3 |
Yes | PainP1/Quality of Life | 12 | 3 |
| Assis, 200640 | Pool-based aerobic exercises Land-based aerobic exercises |
30 30 |
30 30 |
ACR 1990 | 100% 100% |
43.4 42.2 |
Yes | PainP1/Quality of Life/DepressionD1 | 15 | 3 |
| Assumpção, 201872 | Stretching exercises Strength or resistance exercises Non-intervention control |
18 1916 |
14 16 14 |
ACR 1990 | 100% 100%100% |
47.9 45.746.9 |
No | PainP1/Quality of Life/SleepS2/AnxietyA4/DepressionD5 | 12 | 2 |
| Baptista, 201273 | Sensorimotor training Non-intervention control |
40 40 |
40 40 |
ACR 1990 | 100% 100% |
49.5 49.1 |
Yes | PainP1/Quality of Life/AnxietyA3/ DepressionD1 | 16 | 2 |
| Bongi, 201074 | Mind-body exercises Non-intervention control |
22 22 |
22 19 |
ACR 1990 | 91% 95% |
45.5 51 |
No | PainP4/Quality of Life/SleepS2 | 8 | 1 |
| Britto, 202075 | Pool-based aerobic exercises Land-based aerobic exercises |
16 17 |
16 17 |
Unclear | 100% 100% |
50.3 46.2 |
No | PainP1/Quality of Life/SleepS2/AnxietyA4/DepressionD5 | 8 | 3 |
| Carson, 201076 | Mind-body exercises Non-intervention control |
25 28 |
25 28 |
ACR 1990 | 100% 100% |
51.4 55.8 |
Yes | PainP1/Quality of Life/SleepS2/AnxietyA4/DepressionD5 | 8 | 1 |
| Carvalho, 202077 | Sensorimotor training Stretching exercises |
16 19 |
11 10 |
ACR 2010 | 100% 100% |
55.6 47.7 |
Yes | PainP1/Quality of Life/SleepS2/AnxietyA4/DepressionD5 | 7 | 3 |
| Mateo, 201778 | Sensorimotor training Non-intervention control |
42 41 |
42 41 |
ACR 2010 | 100% 100% |
52.5 52.5 |
Yes | PainP1/Quality of Life/SleepS2/AnxietyA4/DepressionD5 | 8 | 2 |
| Duruturk, 201579 | Land-based aerobic exercises Sensorimotor training |
17 16 |
14 12 |
ACR 1990 | 100% 100% |
48.1 54 |
No | PainP1/Quality of Life | 6 | 3 |
| Demir, 201380 | Sensorimotor training Stretching exercises |
25 25 |
25 25 |
Unclear | 100% 100% |
44.7 44.4 |
No | PainP1/Quality of Life/DepressionD1 | 12 | 3 |
| Gemma, 201681 | Land-based aerobic exercises Non-intervention control |
13 9 |
13 9 |
ACR 2010 | 92% 100% |
51.2 57.1 |
Yes | PainP2/Quality of Life/DepressionD1 | 8 | 2 |
| Etnier, 200941 | Land-based aerobic exercises Non-intervention control |
8 8 |
8 8 |
ACR 1990 | 100% 100% |
54.7 Overall |
No | Quality of Life/DepressionD2 | 18 | 3 |
| Evcik, 200882 | Pool-based aerobic exercises Land-based aerobic exercises |
33 30 |
31 30 |
ACR 1990 | 100% 97% |
43.8 42.8 |
No | PainP1 | 5 | 3 |
| Fernandes, 201642 | Pool-based aerobic exercises Land-based aerobic exercises |
39 36 |
39 36 |
ACR 1990 | 100% 100% |
48.3 49.3 |
Yes | PainP1/Quality of Life | 12 | 3 |
| García-Martínez, 201243 | Land-based aerobic exercises Non-intervention control |
14 14 |
14 14 |
ACR 2010 | 100% 100% |
59.3 58.6 |
No | Quality of Life | 12 | 3 |
| Garrido-Ardila, 202083 | Sensorimotor training Non-intervention control |
45 45 |
36 33 |
Unclear | 100% 100% |
56.1 54.4 |
No | Quality of Life | 13 | 2 |
| Larsson, 201584 | Strength or resistance exercises Active control |
67 63 |
56 49 |
ACR 1990 | 100% 100% |
50.8 52.1 |
No | PainP1/Quality of Life | 15 | 2 |
| Jones, 200185 | Strength or resistance exercises Stretching exercises |
34 34 |
28 28 |
ACR 1990 | 100% 100% |
49.2 46.4 |
No | PainP1/Quality of Life/SleepS2/AnxietyA2/DepressionD1 | 12 | 2 |
| Kingsley, 200586 | Strength or resistance exercises Non-intervention control |
15 14 |
15 14 |
Unclear | 100% 100% |
45 47 |
No | Quality of Life | 12 | 2 |
| Munguía-Izquierdo, 200744 | Pool-based aerobic exercises Non-intervention control |
35 25 |
29 24 |
ACR 1990 | 100% 100% |
50 46 |
No | PainP1/Quality of Life | 16 | 3 |
| Norouzi, 202087 | Sensorimotor training Land-based aerobic exercises Non-intervention control |
20 20 20 |
20 20 20 |
ACR 1990 | 100% 100% 100% |
35.5 35.5 35.4 |
No | DepressionD1 | 12 | 3 |
| Olivares, 201188 | Whole body vibration Non-intervention control |
21 20 |
21 20 |
ACR 1990 | 100% 100% |
52.4 53 |
Yes | Quality of Life | 12 | 3 |
| Park, 202189 | Strength or resistance exercises Stretching exercises |
20 20 |
20 20 |
ACR 2010 | 100% 100% |
52.8 50.5 |
Yes | PainP1/Quality of Life | 4 | 2 |
| Ribeiro, 202156 | Whole body vibration Non-intervention control |
17 15 |
17 15 |
Unclear | 100% 100% |
56 54 |
No | PainP1/Quality of Life/SleepS1/DepressionD1 | 6 | 3 |
| Richards, 200290 | Land-based aerobic exercises Stretching exercises |
69 67 |
68 65 |
ACR 1990 | 90% 96% |
47.3 45 |
No | Quality of Life | 12 | 2 |
| Rodríguez-Mansilla, 202191 | Land-based aerobic exercises Mind-body exercises Non-intervention control |
47 47 47 |
33 31 29 |
ACR 2016 | 100% 100% 100% |
52.2 Overall |
No | PainP1/Quality of Life | 4 | 2 |
| Sañudo, 201545 | Land-based aerobic exercises Non-intervention control |
16 16 |
16 12 |
ACR 1990 | 100% 100% |
55 58 |
No | PainP1/SleepS2/AnxietyA4/DepressionD5 | 24 | 2 |
| Sañudo, 201292 | Land-based aerobic exercises Non-intervention control |
21 20 |
18 19 |
ACR 1990 | 100% 100% |
Unclear | No | Quality of Life/DepressionD1 | 24 | 2 |
| Sañudo, 201193 | Land-based aerobic exercises Non-intervention control |
21 21 |
21 21 |
ACR 1990 | 100% 100% |
55.5 56.2 |
Yes | Quality of Life/DepressionD1 | 24 | 2 |
| Sarmento, 202094 | Mind-body exercises Active control |
14 14 |
10 10 |
ACR 1990/2010 | 100% 100% |
42.6 56.1 |
No | PainP1/Quality of Life/SleepS1/AnxietyA1/DepressionD3 | 10 | 7 |
| Sevimli, 201595 | Pool-based aerobic exercises Land-based aerobic exercises |
25 25 |
25 25 |
Unclear | 100% 100% |
35 Overall |
No | PainP1/Quality of Life/DepressionD1 | 12 | 2 |
| Tomas-Carus, 201896 | Mind-body exercises Non-intervention control |
18 17 |
15 15 |
ACR 1990/2010 | 100% 100% |
54.1 50.8 |
No | PainP1/Quality of Life/ SleepS2/AnxietyA4/DepressionD5 | 12 | 7 |
| Tomas-Carus, 200897 | Pool-based aerobic exercises Non-intervention control |
15 15 |
15 15 |
ACR 1990 | 100% 100% |
50.7 50.9 |
No | PainP1/Quality of Life/ SleepS2/AnxietyA3/DepressionD5 | 32 | 3 |
| Tomas-Carus, 200798 | Pool-based aerobic exercises Non-intervention control |
17 17 |
17 17 |
ACR 1990 | 100% 100% |
51 51 |
No | Quality of Life | 12 | 3 |
| Valim, 200299 | Land-based aerobic exercises Stretching exercises |
38 38 |
32 28 |
ACR 1990 | 100% 100% |
46.1 Overall |
No | PainP1/Quality of Life/ AnxietyA3/DepressionD1 | 20 | 3 |
| Villafaina,1 2019100 | Sensorimotor training Non-intervention control |
28 27 |
22 15 |
ACR 2010 | 100% 100% |
54.3 53.4 |
No | Quality of Life | 24 | 2 |
| Villafaina,2 2019101 | Sensorimotor training Non-intervention control |
28 27 |
28 27 |
ACR 2010 | 100% 100% |
54 53.4 |
Yes | PainP1 | 24 | 2 |
| Wigers, 1996102 | Land-based aerobic exercises Non-intervention control |
20 20 |
20 20 |
ACR 1990 | 90% 95% |
43 46 |
Yes | PainP1/SleepS2/DepressionD5 | 14 | 3 |
| Wong, 2017103 | Mind-body exercises Non-intervention control |
18 19 |
17 14 |
ACR 1990 | 100% 100% |
51 51 |
No | PainP1/SleepS2 | 12 | 3 |
| Haak,2008104 | Mind-body exercises Non-intervention control |
29 28 |
28 28 |
Unclear | 100% 100% |
54 53.4 |
No | PainP3/SleepS2/AnxietyA3/DepressionD1 | 7 | 7 |
| Mingorance, 2021105 | Whole body vibration Non-intervention control |
40 20 |
40 20 |
ACR 2016 | 90% Overall |
53.6 50.3 |
No | PainP1/Quality of Life | 12 | 3 |
| Eijk-Hustings, 2013106 | Land-based aerobic exercises Active control |
47 48 |
47 48 |
ACR 1990 | 100% 98% |
41 42.9 |
Yes | PainP1/Quality of Life/ SleepS2/AnxietyA4/DepressionD5 | 12 | 2 |
| NCT01797263* | Mind-body exercises Land-based aerobic exercises |
129 127 |
87 84 |
ACR 2010 | 31.8% 30.7% |
57.9 56.4 |
No | PainP5/Quality of Life/ SleepS3/AnxietyA5/DepressionD6 | 12 | 1 |
| NCT00383084* | Land-based aerobic exercises Active control |
46 38 |
46 38 |
ACR 1990 | 94% 100% |
46.4 49 |
Yes | PainP1/Quality of Life | 12 | 5–7 |
Notes: Detailed information and references for included studies are shown in Supplementary Appendix 2. *Data from NIH ClinicalTrials.gov. ITT, Intention-to-treat; ACR, American College of Rheumatology. Quality of Life was measured by the Fibromyalgia Impact Questionnaire (FIQ) or its revised version (FIQR). P1-P5Pain was measured using the Visual Analogue Scale (P1), Faces Pain Scale (P2), Visual Numerological Scale (P3), Number Rating Scale (P4) or Brief Pain Inventory (P5). S1-S3Sleep quality was measured by the Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index (S1), Visual Numerological Scale (S2) or medical outcomes study sleep scale (S3). A1-A5Anxiety was measured using the Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale- Anxiety (A1), Beck Anxiety Inventory (A2), State-Trait Anxiety Inventory (A3) or Visual Numerological Scale (A4) or Generalized Anxiety Disorder Scale (A5). D1-D6The degree of depression was measured by Beck depression Inventory (D1), The Center for Epidemiology Scale-Depression (D2), The Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale-Depression (D3), Hamilton Depression Scale (D4), Visual Numerological Scale (D5) or Patient Health Questionnaire (D6).