Table 1.
Participant and device characteristics at insertion (n = 200).
| Variable | PICC | TIVD | Non-tunnel | Non-tunnel HD | Tunnel non-cuff | Tunnel HD | Tunnel cuff | Total |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
|
CVAD Catheter days |
119 (60) 2680 |
21 (10) 1659 |
18 (9) 151 |
5 (3) 40 |
7 (4) 276 |
5 (3) 292 |
25 (13) 1895 |
200 6993 |
| Patient characteristics | ||||||||
| Age | ||||||||
| Median [years] (IQR) | 5 (2–10) | 3 (3–10) | 0.5 (0.1–5) | 0.9 (0.5–5) | 0.3 (0.2–3) | 3 (3–16) | 4 (1–8) | 4 (0.1–10) |
| Neonates (0–30 days) | 0 | 0 | 1 (6) | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 (4) | 2 (1) |
| Infants (31 to <1 year) | 15 (13) | 1 (5) | 10 (56) | 3 (60) | 5 (71) | 0 | 5 (20) | 39 (20) |
| Children (1 to <12 years) | 80 (67) | 18 (86) | 7 (39) | 1 (20) | 2 (29) | 3 (60) | 15 (60) | 126 (63) |
| Adolescent (12–18 years) | 24 (20) | 2 (10) | 0 | 1 (20) | 0 | 2 (40) | 4 (16) | 33 (17) |
| Primary diagnosisa | ||||||||
| Respiratory (non-CF) | 52 (44) | 3 (14) | 0 | 0 | 1 (14) | 0 | 0 | 56 (28) |
| Oncology and hematology | 17 (14) | 17 (81) | 1 (6) | 3 (60) | 0 | 1 (20) | 16 (64) | 55 (28) |
| Cystic fibrosis | 30 (25) | 3 (14) | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 33 (17) |
| General surgical | 12 (10) | 6 (29) | 4 (22) | 0 | 0 | 1 (20) | 5 (20) | 28 (14) |
| Gastroenterology | 8 (7) | 0 | 4 (22) | 2 (40) | 2 (29) | 3 (60) | 6 (24) | 25 (13) |
| Coronary care/cardiac | 8 (7) | 0 | 4 (22) | 0 | 1 (14) | 1 (20) | 1 (4) | 15 (8) |
| Hepatic | 3 (3) | 0 | 5 (28) | 2 (40) | 2 (29) | 0 | 1 (4) | 13 (7) |
| Other | 16 (13) | 1 (5) | 4 (22) | 0 | 0 | 5 (100) | 5 (20) | 31 (16) |
| Previous CVADs (no.) | ||||||||
| 1 | 14 (27) | 8 (53) | 3 (33) | 0 | 0 | 0 | 9 (60) | 34 (32) |
| 2–3 | 15 (29) | 4 (27) | 4 (44) | 2 (50) | 1 (20) | 1 (20) | 2 (14) | 29 (27) |
| 4–5 | 7 (14) | 2 (13) | 1 (11) | 0 | 1 (20) | 1 (20) | 2 (14) | 14 (14) |
| >5 | 16 (31) | 1 (7) | 1 (11) | 2 (50) | 3 (60) | 3 (60) | 2 (13) | 28 (27) |
| Known occluded vesselsa | ||||||||
| Basilic | 15 (87) | 2 (10) | 2 (11) | 0 | 3 (43) | 0 | 3 (12) | 25 (13) |
| Brachial | 4 (4) | 1 (5) | 0 | 0 | 1 (14) | 0 | 1 (4) | 7 (4) |
| Cephalic | 2 (2) | 1 (5) | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 (4) | 4 (2) |
| Axillary | 2 (2) | 1 (5) | 1 (6) | 0 | 2 (29) | 0 | 2 (8) | 8 (4) |
| Internal jugular | 1 (1) | 0 | 1 (6) | 2 (40) | 1 (14) | 1 (20) | 1 (4) | 7 (4) |
| Other (e.g., subclavian) | 4 (4) | 0 | 2 (12) | 2 (40) | 1 (14) | 1 (20) | 1 (4) | 11 (7) |
| Device characteristics | ||||||||
| Vessel | ||||||||
| Basilic | 85 (71)b | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0b | 0 | 85 (43) |
| Brachial | 18 (15) | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 18 (9) |
| Cephalic | 5 (4) | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 5 (3) |
| Axillary | 8 (7) | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 8 (4) |
| Internal jugular | – | 16 (76) | 11 (61) | 2 (40) | 7 (100) | 4 (80) | 20 (80) | 60 (30) |
| Subclavian | – | 5 (24) | 2 (11) | 0 | 0 | 0 | 5 (20) | 12 (6) |
| Femoral | 2 (2) | – | 5 (28) | 3 (60) | 0 | 0 | 0 | 10 (5) |
| Lumen numbers | ||||||||
| One | 103 (87) | 21 (100) | 1 (6) | 0 (0) | 2 (29) | 0 (0) | 4 (16) | 131 (66) |
| Two | 16 (13) | 0 (0) | 2 (11) | 5 (100) | 5 (71) | 5 (100) | 20 (80) | 53 (27) |
| Three | 0 (0) | 0 (0) | 15 (83) | 0 (0) | 0 (0) | 0 (0) | 1 (4) | 16 (8) |
| Clinician characteristics | ||||||||
| Multiple insertion attempts | ||||||||
| 2 | 14 (12) | 1 (5) | 0c | 0 | 0 | 0 | 4 (16)b | 19 (10) |
| ≥3 | 5 (4) | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 (14) | 0 | 1 (4) | 7 (4) |
| Guidance | ||||||||
| Ultrasound | 118 (99) | 11 (52) | 15 (83)b | 4 (80) | 7 (100) | 2 (40) | 11 (44) | 166 (83) |
| X-ray for confirmation | 114 (96) | 21 (100) | 8 (44) | 2 (40) | 7 (100) | 5 (100) | 22 (88) | 179 (90) |
| X-ray during placement | 5 (4) | 4 (19) | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 (20) | 8 (32) | 18 (9) |
| Cut down | 0 | 0 | 1 (6) | 0 | 0 | 0 | 4 (16) | 6 (3) |
| Tip position | ||||||||
| Cavo-atrial junction | 104 (87) | 5 (24)d | 1 (6)c | 1 (20)c | 5 (71) | 2 (40) | 7 (28)b | 125 (63) |
| Superior vena cava | 12 (10) | 8 (38) | 5 (29) | 0 | 2 (29) | 1 (20) | 13 (52) | 41 (21) |
| Right atrium | 0 | 6 (29) | 5 (29) | 1 (20) | 0 | 2 (40) | 4 (16) | 18 (9) |
| Non-central | 1 (1) | 0 | 1 (6) | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 2 (1) |
| Inferior vena cava | 2 (2) | 0 | 2 (12) | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 4 (2) |
| Procedural time | ||||||||
| Median [min] (IQR) | 62 (46–82) | 77 (58–89) | 162 (78–298) | 40 (40–57) | 92 (74–119) | 129 (71–149) | 80 (66–137) | 70 (53–98) |
| Dwell | ||||||||
| Median [day] (IQR) | 14 (11–23) | >90 (>90) | 7 (1–13) | 3 (1–13) | 26 (9–77) | 90 (8–>90) | 90 (71–>90) | 16 (11–63) |
| In situ at study end (3 months) | 6 (5) | 17 (81) | 0 | 0 | 1 (14) | 3 (60) | 18 (72) | 45 (23) |
CVAD central venous access device, HD hemodialysis, IQR Interquartile range, PICC peripherally inserted central catheter, TIVD totally implanted venous device.
aMultiple response options.
Missing data: b1 c3 d2.