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. 2022 Nov 24;9:722. doi: 10.1038/s41597-022-01755-y

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© The Author(s) 2022

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons license, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons license and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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Fig. 1 — Iterative Plasmodium cynomolgi infections in Macaca mulatta. The experimental approach was designed to (1) use P. cynomolgi in a M. mulatta non-human primate host to discover the characteristics of a relapsing infection as a model for the human pathogen P. vivax and (2) explore the dynamics of the host response to infection. Host samples, their associated metadata and resulting experimental data received unique identifiers that were tracked in a LIMS. Raw and analyzed experimental results and associated metadata were validated and made available internally in a relational database for internal use. The depicted process was iterative, and relied upon clinicians, veterinarians, systems biologists, multiple omics experts, data management and informatics experts, malariologists, immunologists, and mathematical modelers to follow the results and generate new models of disease and hypotheses for further validation. All results were deposited in public repositories. Spz – sporozoite inoculation; NHP – nonhuman primates; n – number of NHPs in each experiment. Experiments 23, 24 and 25 utilized the same M. mulatta animals and either the same (homologous) or different (heterologous) P. cynomolgi strain.