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. 2022 Nov 24;13:7216. doi: 10.1038/s41467-022-34865-7

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© The Author(s) 2022

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons license, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons license and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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Fig. 3 — a, b Midgut histology (cryosections) from control (n = 7) and Bt-treated (n = 7) larvae. On the left are fluorescence microscopy (FM) images, on the right the corresponding phase-contrast microscopy (PCM) images. Bt-infected animals differed significantly in gut wall thickness (two-tailed Mann Whitney test, p = 0.0006, no adjustments, e and gap size (two-tailed Mann Whitney test, p = 0.0041, no adjustments f and had gut-associated plasmatocytes (red, monoclonal antibody Ms#13) (two-sided Chi-square-test, P = 0.0053, g). h1 and h2 are showing the gut-associated plasmatocytes from Bt-treated animals, indicated by arrows. F-actin is stained with FITC-phalloidin (green), indicating microvilli on the apical side of the epithelium. Nuclei are counterstained with DAPI (blue). c, d Midgut ultrastructure (scanning electron microscopy) from control (n = 5) and Bt-treated (n = 3) larvae. Bt-exposed larvae showed loss of microvilli, cell swelling, and necrosis. i Changes in differential hemocyte count 12 h after Bt infection. Plasmatocytes were labeled with antibody MS#13 (red) and the nuclei of all hemocytes are counterstained with DAPI (blue). j Animals infected with Bt (n = 4) featured a significantly higher number of floating plasmatocytes than control animals (n = 4), indicating a change in the cellular immune response (two-tailed t-test, p = 0.0076, no adjustments). No changes were observed in spherule cells (esterase positive), oenocytoids (GRP-1 positive), or granular cells (MS#7 positive). The following significance levels have been used: ns = P > 0.05, * = P ≤ 0.05, ** P ≤ 0.01, *** = P ≤ 0.001 and **** = P ≤ 0.0001. Bar charts represent mean and SD. Every data point represents a single animal. Source data are provided as a Source Data file.