Table 1.

Inclusion criteria.

Inclusion criteria

The patients are over 18 years old and have no history of systemic disease that affects oral treatment

Mature permanent molar teeth with pulp injury, involved both reversible pulpitis or irreversible pulpitis, due to caries or abrasion

Discomfort triggered by cold/sweet stimuli, which relieves within 30 s after the removal of the stimulus. Or discomfort/pain triggered by a cold/sweet stimulus, which lasts more than 30 s, but no more than 10 min after the stimulus removal. The pain is non-spontaneous. No history of night pain; No discomfort in percussion

The remaining tooth tissue has enough space for restoration

Having healthy periodontal tissue

Radiograph showed no obvious abnormality around the apex of the tooth, PAI ≤ 1

After excavation, red homogeneous and blood-filled tissue was observed on the surface of the pulp wound; hemostasis could be achieved within 5 min