Table 2.

Exclusion criteria.

Exclusion criteria

Primary teeth or permanent teeth with immature roots

It is caused by the wedge-shaped defect, cracked tooth, or tooth fracture. Or after meticulous caries excavation, no exposures appear

Sensitive to heat, persistent irritating pain or dull throbbing pain, sharp spontaneous pain, and tenderness to percussion or pain exacerbated by lying down

The remaining tooth tissue has no restorative value

Periodontal tissue is unhealthy

PAI ≥ 2

After excavation, tissue was observed unhealthy on the surface of the pulp wound and could not achieve hemostasis within 5 min