Fig. 4. LS activation reduces pair bond-induced aggression and promotes prosocial behaviors.

Duration (s, seconds) of attacks (a), chasing (b), total aggressive behaviors (c, sum of the duration of attack, chase, and pounce behaviors), huddling (d), anogenital sniffing (e), and total social behaviors (f, sum of the duration of huddling, anogenital sniffing, flank sniffing, and nose-to-nose sniffing behaviors) directed at the intruder by the resident hM3 + C21 (green bars), hM3 + saline (gray bars), and sham + C21 (purple bars) subjects when they are sex naïve (light color bars) and pair bonded (dark color bars) during the resident intruder test. Data are presented as mean ± SEM. Dots represent individual data for hM3 + C21 (n = 10), hM3 + saline (n = 10), and sham + C21 (n = 12) subjects. *p < 0.05; **p < 0.01; ***p < 0.001.