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. 2022 Nov 26;20:546. doi: 10.1186/s12967-022-03746-4

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© The Author(s) 2022

Open AccessThis article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article's Creative Commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article's Creative Commons licence and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this licence, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/. The Creative Commons Public Domain Dedication waiver (http://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/) applies to the data made available in this article, unless otherwise stated in a credit line to the data.

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Fig. 5 — HRS treatment attenuated astrocyte and microglial activation in cerebral cortex and hippocampus of septic rats 48 h after LPS induction. Photographs represent astrocyte and microglial activation showing immunoreactivity of GFAP (top diagram) and IBA-1 (bottom) in cerebral cortex and hippocampus, respectively. Scale bar = 50 μm. A, B statistical representation of GFAP and IBA-1 showing the mean number of immunoreactive cells in cerebral cortex and hippocampus in each group, respectively (n = 6). All data are presented as mean ± SD ****p < 0.0001, ***p < 0.001, **p < 0.005. HRS Hydrogen-rich saline, LPS lipopolysaccharide, GFAP Glial fibrillary acidic protein, IBA-1 Ionised calcium binding adaptor molecule 1