Table 2.
Associations between lifestyle risk factors and SPS
| Characteristics | Sample Size | Controls (N = 714) |
SPS (N = 350) |
Univariate Analysis | Multivariate Analysis | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| N (%) | N (%) | P-value | OR (95% CI) | P-value | ||
| Sex (Female) | 1064 | 404 (57) | 227 (65) | 0.010 | 4.54 (2.77–7.45) | < 0.001 |
| Age/ Diagnosis Age (years) (median, IQR) | 1051 | 39 (29–57) | 50 (44–55) | < 0.001 | 0.96 (0.95–0.98) | < 0.001 |
| Affected with CRC | 1064 | 0 (0) | 82 (23) | – | ||
| Smoking Status | 1039 | |||||
| Never Smoked | 504 | 334 (47) | 170 (52) | Ref. | ||
| Current Smoker | 152 | 120 (17) | 32 (10) | 0.003 | 0.50 (0.29–0.86) | 0.012 |
| Former Smoker | 383 | 258 (36) | 125 (38) | 0.732 | 1.30 (0.90–1.88) | 0.156 |
| Years Smoked (mean ± S.D.) | 1036 | 10.20 ± 12.43 | 9.78 ± 14.34 | 0.631 | 1.01 (0.99–1.02) | 0.456 |
| Daily Cigarettes | 1038 | |||||
| No Cigarettes | 505 | 334 (47) | 171 (52) | Ref. | ||
| 1–5 Cigarettes per day | 99 | 54 (8) | 45 (14) | 0.029 | 1.52 (0.87–2.65) | 0.139 |
| 6–10 Cigarettes per day | 112 | 78 (11) | 34 (10) | 0.477 | 0.74 (0.42–1.31) | 0.306 |
| > 10 Cigarettes per day | 322 | 246 (35) | 76 (23) | 0.002 | 0.70 (0.46–1.05) | 0.085 |
| Height (cm) (mean ± S.D.) | 946 | 168.61 ± 10.11 | 171 .08 ± 9.38 | < 0.001 | 1.07 (1.04–1.09) | < 0.001 |
| Weight (kg) (mean ± S.D.) | 951 | 75.56 ± 16.94 | 76.71 ± 15.90 | – | ||
| Weight at 20 years of age (kg) (mean ± S.D.) | 935 | 63.22 ± 12.91 | 68.35 ± 14.43 | – | ||
| BMI at registration (mean ± S.D.) | 940 | 26.51 ± 5.29 | 26.25 ± 5.13 | 0.483 | ||
| BMI at 20 years of age (mean ± S.D.) | 924 | 22.14 ± 3.53 | 23.46 ± 4.73 | < 0.001 | 1.09 (1.04–1.13) | < 0.001 |
| Diabetes | 1027 | 31 (4) | 15 (5) | 0.749 | ||
| Blood Lipid Lowering Medication | 1007 | 65 (9) | 36 (12) | 0.241 | ||
| Weekly Aspirin (dose/week) (mean ± S.D.) | 1024 | 0.99 ± 3.36 | 0.36 ± 1.61 | < 0.001 | 0.95 (0.88–1.02) | 0.153 |
| Weekly NSAIDs (dose/week) (mean ± S.D.) | 1014 | 1.72 ± 4.62 | 0.50 ± 2.27 | < 0.001 | 0.91 (0.86–0.97) | 0.002 |
| Weekly Antacids (dose/week) (mean ± S.D.) | 1023 | 1.20 ± 4.75 | 0.88 ± 4.63 | 0.291 | ||
| Weekly Multivitamins (dose/week) (mean ± S.D.) | 1022 | 1.79 ± 3.44 | 1.18 ± 2.65 | 0.004 | 0.94 (0.89–1.00) | 0.053 |
| Calcium (dose/week) (mean ± S.D.) | 1021 | 1.01 ± 2.70 | 0.48 ± 2.02 | 0.001 | 0.97 (0.89–1.05) | 0.395 |
| Paracetamol (dose/week) (mean ± S.D.) | 1017 | 1.86 ± 7.60 | 1.54 ± 5.33 | 0.501 | ||
| Folate (dose/week) (mean ± S.D.) | 1015 | 1.09 ± 2.53 | 0.31 ± 1.54 | < 0.001 | 0.82 (0.75–0.90) | < 0.001 |
| Weekly Alcohol Consumption | 903 | |||||
| No Alcohol | 266 | 171 (27) | 95 (35) | Ref. | ||
| 1–100 g per week | 388 | 285 (46) | 103 (37) | 0.012 | 0.56 (0.37–0.84) | 0.005 |
| 101–200 g per week | 150 | 100 (16) | 50 (18) | 0.625 | 0.99 (0.59–1.67) | 0.984 |
| 201–350 g per week | 63 | 46 (7) | 17 (6) | 0.190 | 0.67 (0.31–1.44) | 0.307 |
| > 350 g per week | 36 | 25 (4) | 11 (4) | 0.543 | 0.52 (0.20–1.36) | 0.183 |
| Beer (serves per week) (mean ± S.D.) | 919 | 1.78 ± 5.44 | 2.29 ± 6.33 | 0.232 | ||
| Wine (serves per week) (mean ± S.D.) | 918 | 4.09 ± 6.34 | 2.93 ± 5.97 | 0.006 | 0.97 (0.94–1.00) | 0.089 |
| Spirits (serves per week) (mean ± S.D.) | 925 | 1.37 ± 4.34 | 0.88 ± 3.03 | 0.060 | 0.96 (0.91–1.01) | 0.093 |
| Number of Pregnanciesa (mean ± S.D.) | 603 | 2.67 ± 1.61 | 1.80 ± 1.75 | < 0.001 | 0.87 (0.75–1.01) | 0.069 |
| Pregnancy Age (years) a (mean ± S.D.) | 489 | 25.68 ± 4.86 | 25.49 ± 5.06 | 0.700 | ||
| Hormone Replacement Therapy (HRT)a | 547 | 74 (21) | 14 (7) | < 0.001 | 0.44 (0.20–0.98) | 0.043 |
In the multivariate models, it was multivariate adjusted. Each group of cases is compared with controls. Variables were included in the multivariate model if it had a p-value of < 0.15 and less than < 20% missing data. A variable was considered significant in the multivariate model if it had a p-value < 0.05. For variables that were highly correlated, the smaller p-value was selected as the proxy to be included in the multivariate model.
a female only analysis