Table 3.
Associations between lifestyle risk factors and those who exclusively fulfil either WHO criterion I or III for SPS
| Characteristics | Controls (N = 714) | SPS WHO Criteria I (N = 150) | Univariate Analysis | Multivariate Analysis | SPS WHO Criteria III (N = 67) | Univariate Analysis | Multivariate Analysis | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| N (%) | N (%) | P-value | OR (95% CI) | P-value | N (%) | P-value | OR (95% CI) | P-value | |
| Sex (Female) | 404 (57) | 103 (69) | 0.006 | 2.14 (1.26–3.62) | 0.005 | 39 (58) | 0.797 | ||
| Age/ Diagnosis Age (years) (median, IQR) | 50 (44–55) | 36.5 (29–54) | < 0.001 | 0.93 (0.91–0.96) | < 0.001 | 48 (29–59) | < 0.001 | 0.95 (0.92–0.97) | < 0.001 |
| Affected with CRC | 0 (0) | 33 (22) | – | 18 (27) | – | ||||
| Smoking Status | |||||||||
| Never Smoked | 334 (47) | 83 (61) | 24 (36) | Ref. | |||||
| Current Smoker | 121 (17) | 5 (4) | < 0.001 | 0.16 (0.06–0.49) | 0.001 | 16 (24) | 0.073 | 0.90 (0.37–2.17) | 0.817 |
| Former Smoker | 258 (36) | 47 (35) | 0.121 | 1.03 (0.61–1.75) | 0.915 | 26 (40) | 0.252 | 1.31 (0.67–2.56) | 0.432 |
| Years Smoked (mean ± S.D.) | 10.20 ± 12.43 | 6.96 ± 12.06 | 0.004 | 0.99 (0.97–1.01) | 0.323 | 14.49 ± 16.83 | 0.013 | 1.02 (0.99–1.04) | 0.220 |
| Daily Cigarettes | |||||||||
| No Cigarettes | 334 (47) | 83 (62) | 25 (39) | Ref. | |||||
| 1–5 Cigarettes per day | 54 (8) | 14 (10) | 0.896 | 1.02 (0.45–2.32) | 0.964 | 9 (14) | 0.054 | 2.22 (0.87–5.68) | 0.094 |
| 6–10 Cigarettes per day | 78 (11) | 14 (10) | 0.302 | 0.66 (0.28–1.53) | 0.332 | 4 (6) | 0.494 | 0.84 (0.27–2.61) | 0.769 |
| > 10 Cigarettes per day | 246 (35) | 23 (17) | < 0.001 | 0.45 (0.23–0.86) | 0.015 | 26 (41) | 0.238 | 0.92 (0.44–1.90) | 0.817 |
| Height (cm) (mean ± S.D.) | 168.61 ± 10.11 | 169.46 ± 9.14 | 0.389 | 170.71 ± 9.38 | 0.004 | 1.03 (1.00–1.06) | 0.050 | ||
| Weight (kg) (mean ± S.D.) | 75.56 ± 16.94 | 75.21 ± 16.36 | 0.832 | – | 76.01 ± 15.97 | – | |||
| Weight at 20 years of age (kg) (mean ± S.D.) | 63.22 ± 12.91 | 68.59 ± 15.07 | 0.001 | – | 69.64 ± 15.51 | – | |||
| BMI at registration (mean ± S.D.) | 26.51 ± 5.30 | 26.37 ± 5.83 | 0.794 | 26.89 ± 4.90 | 0.608 | ||||
| BMI at 20 years of age (mean ± S.D.) | 22.14 ± 3.53 | 23.68 ± 5.36 | < 0.001 | 1.06 (1.00–1.13) | 0.044 | 23.53 ± 4.67 | 0.012 | 1.08 (1.00–1.16) | 0.043 |
| Diabetes | 31 (4) | 5 (4) | 0.820 | 1 (2) | 0.272 | ||||
| Blood Lipid Lowering Medication | 65 (9) | 9 (7) | 0.411 | 7 (12) | 0.502 | ||||
| Weekly Aspirin (dose/week) (mean ± S.D.) | 0.99 ± 3.36 | 0.17 ± 1.07 | < 0.001 | 0.88 (0.73–1.06) | 0.187 | 0.49 ± 1.69 | 0.193 | ||
| Weekly NSAIDs (dose/week) (mean ± S.D.) | 1.72 ± 4.62 | 0.42 ± 1.62 | < 0.001 | 0.90 (0.81–1.00) | 0.060 | 0.75 ± 2.90 | 0.075 | 0.94 (0.86–1.04) | 0.224 |
| Weekly Antacids (dose/week) (mean ± S.D.) | 1.20 ± 4.75 | 0.42 ± 1.84 | 0.022 | 0.88 (0.73–1.02) | 0.077 | 1.31 ± 3.26 | 0.867 | ||
| Weekly Multivitamins (dose/week) (mean ± S.D.) | 1.79 ± 3.44 | 0.83 ± 2.10 | < 0.001 | 0.93 (0.85–1.03) | 0.152 | 1.29 ± 2.93 | 0.259 | ||
| Calcium (dose/week) (mean ± S.D.) | 1.01 ± 2.70 | 0.17 ± 1.07 | < 0.001 | 0.79 (0.64–0.97) | 0.021 | 0.55 ± 1.81 | 0.164 | ||
| Paracetamol (dose/week) (mean ± S.D.) | 1.86 ± 7.60 | 0.77 ± 3.88 | 0.067 | 0.99 (0.94–1.04) | 0.749 | 1.75 ± 4.96 | 0.919 | ||
| Folate (dose/week) (mean ± S.D.) | 1.09 ± 2.53 | 0.37 ± 1.78 | < 0.001 | 0.84 (0.73–0.96) | 0.010 | 0.36 ± 1.56 | 0.016 | 0.88 (0.74–1.06) | 0.177 |
| Weekly Alcohol Consumption | |||||||||
| No Alcohol | 171 (27) | 38 (34) | Ref. | 21 (40) | Ref. | ||||
| 1–100 g per week | 285 (46) | 45 (40) | 0.156 | 0.87 (0.49–1.56) | 0.640 | 15 (28) | 0.016 | 0.39 (0.18–0.83) | 0.015 |
| 101–200 g per week | 100 (16) | 22 (20) | 0973 | 1.75 (0.83–3.71) | 0.144 | 7 (13) | 0.216 | 0.51 (0.19–1.37) | 0.185 |
| 201–350 g per week | 46 (7) | 4 (3) | 0.089 | 0.39 (0.08–1.87) | 0.238 | 6 (11) | 0.902 | 0.75 (0.23–2.38) | 0.622 |
| > 350 g per week | 25 (4) | 3 (3) | 0.333 | 0.75 (0.18–3.20) | 0.702 | 4 (8) | 0.652 | 0.66 (0.16–2.66) | 0.516 |
| Beer (serves per week) (mean ± S.D.) | 1.78 ± 5.44 | 1.77 ± 5.31 | 0.978 | 3.11 ± 7.16 | 0.145 | 1.01 (0.97–1.06) | 0.554 | ||
| Wine (serves per week) (mean ± S.D.) | 4.09 ± 6.34 | 2.61 ± 3.99 | 0.008 | 0.98 (0.94–1.04) | 0.541 | 4.20 ± 10.30 | 0.905 | ||
| Spirits (serves per week) (mean ± S.D.) | 1.37 ± 4.34 | 0.73 ± 2.27 | 0.067 | 0.90 (0.80–1.02) | 0.106 | 0.84 ± 3.17 | 0.305 | ||
| Number of Pregnancies (mean ± S.D.)a | 2.67 ± 1.61 | 1.74 ± 1.90 | < 0.001 | 0.90 (0.70–1.15) | 0.397 | 1.94 ± 1.50 | 0.009 | 0.96 (0.69–1.34) | 0.821 |
| Pregnancy Age (years) (mean ± S.D.) a | 25.68 ± 4.86 | 27.15 ± 5.03 | 0.034 | 1.03 (0.96–1.11) | 0.415 | 25.12 ± 5.23 | 0.578 | ||
| Hormone Replacement Therapy (HRT) a | 74 (21) | 5 (6) | < 0.001 | 0.47 (0.15–1.52) | 0.207 | 3 (10) | 0.151 | ||
In the multivariate models, it was multivariate adjusted. Each group of cases is compared with controls. Variables were included in the multivariate model if it had a p-value of < 0.15 and less than < 20% missing data. A variable was considered significant in the multivariate model if it had a p-value < 0.05. For variables that were highly correlated the smaller p-value was selected as the proxy to be included into the multivariate model.
a female only analysis