Table 4.
Associations between lifestyle risk factors and those who meet the both WHO criteria I and III for SPS
| Characteristics | Controls (N = 714) | Both Criteria (N = 109) | Univariate Analysis both Criteria | Multivariate Analysis | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| N (%) | N (%) | P-value | OR (95% CI) | P-value | |
| Sex (Female) | 404 (57) | 70 (64) | 0.130 | 5.74 (2.72–12.10) | < 0.001 |
| Age/ Diagnosis Age (years) (median, IQR) | 50 (44–55) | 36 (30–57.5) | < 0.001 | 0.95 (0.92–0.97) | < 0.001 |
| Affected with CRC | 0 (0) | 24 (22) | – | ||
| Smoking Status | |||||
| Never Smoked | 334 (47) | 46 (43) | Ref. | ||
| Current Smoker | 121 (17) | 12 (11) | 0.233 | 0.80 (0.36–1.78) | 0.587 |
| Former Smoker | 258 (36) | 50 (46) | 0.428 | 1.68 (0.96–2.93) | 0.069 |
| Years Smoked (mean ± S.D.) | 10.20 ± 12.43 | 9.45 ± 13.83 | 0.568 | 1.01 (0.99–1.04) | 0.306 |
| Daily Cigarettes | |||||
| No Cigarettes | 334 (47) | 51 (49) | Ref. | ||
| 1–5 Cigarettes per day | 54 (8) | 20 (19) | 0.003 | 2.35 (1.09–5.05) | 0.029 |
| 6–10 Cigarettes per day | 78 (11) | 15 (14) | 0.470 | 0.92 (0.41–2.12) | 0.863 |
| > 10 Cigarettes per day | 246 (35) | 19 (18) | 0.016 | 0.67 (0.34–1.30) | 0.236 |
| Height (cm) (mean ± S.D.) | 168.61 ± 10.11 | 172.24 ± 9.62 | 0.001 | 1.09 (1.05–1.13) | < 0.001 |
| Weight (kg) (mean ± S.D.) | 75.56 ± 16.94 | 76.90 ± 15.59 | – | ||
| Weight at 20 years of age (kg) (mean ± S.D.) | 63.22 ± 12.91 | 68.28 ± 12.95 | – | ||
| BMI at registration (mean ± S.D.) | 26.51 ± 5.30 | 25.80 ± 4.33 | 0.193 | ||
| BMI at 20 years of age (mean ± S.D.) | 22.14 ± 3.53 | 22.99 ± 3.63 | 0.037 | 1.06 (0.99–1.13) | 0.122 |
| Diabetes | 31 (4) | 7 (7) | 0.295 | ||
| Blood Lipid Lowering Medication | 65 (9) | 14 (14) | 0.148 | 3.36 (1.36–8.33) | 0.009 |
| Weekly Aspirin (dose/week) (mean ± S.D.) | 0.99 ± 3.36 | 0.53 ± 2.08 | 0.130 | 0.96 (0.86–1.07) | 0.450 |
| Weekly NSAIDs (dose/week) (mean ± S.D.) | 1.72 ± 4.62 | 0.36 ± 1.85 | < 0.001 | 0.88 (0.78–0.99) | 0.028 |
| Weekly Antacids (dose/week) (mean ± S.D.) | 1.20 ± 4.75 | 1.33 ± 7.37 | 0.812 | ||
| Weekly Multivitamins (dose/week) (mean ± S.D.) | 1.79 ± 3.44 | 1.49 ± 2.99 | 0.376 | ||
| Calcium (dose/week) (mean ± S.D.) | 1.01 ± 2.70 | 0.78 ± 2.84 | 0.393 | ||
| Paracetamol (dose/week) (mean ± S.D.) | 1.86 ± 7.60 | 2.14 ± 6.68 | 0.730 | ||
| Folate (dose/week) (mean ± S.D.) | 1.09 ± 2.53 | 0.27 ± 1.37 | < 0.001 | 0.82 (0.70–0.96) | 0.012 |
| Weekly Alcohol Consumption | |||||
| No Alcohol | 171 (27) | 28 (31) | Ref. | ||
| 1–100 g per week | 285 (46) | 33 (37) | 0.207 | 0.39 (0.20–0.75) | 0.005 |
| 101–200 g per week | 100 (16) | 21 (23) | 0.429 | 1.09 (0.51–2.34) | 0.821 |
| 201–350 g per week | 46 (7) | 5 (6) | 0.425 | 0.54 (0.16–1.82) | 0.322 |
| > 350 g per week | 25 (4) | 3 (3) | 0.629 | 0.16 (0.02–1.43) | 0.102 |
| Beer (serves per week) (mean ± S.D.) | 1.78 ± 5.44 | 2.40 ± 6.55 | 0.437 | ||
| Wine (serves per week) (mean ± S.D.) | 4.09 ± 6.34 | 2.68 ± 4.81 | 0.025 | 0.95 (0.90–1.00) | 0.067 |
| Spirits (serves per week) (mean ± S.D.) | 1.37 ± 4.34 | 1.18 ± 3.92 | 0.680 | ||
| Number of Pregnancies (mean ± S.D.)a | 2.67 ± 1.61 | 1.58 ± 1.53 | < 0.001 | 0.75 (0.57–0.98) | 0.035 |
| Pregnancy Age (years) (mean ± S.D.) a | 25.68 ± 4.86 | 24.81 ± 4.26 | 0.260 | ||
| Hormone Replacement Therapy (HRT) a | 74 (21) | 5 (8) | 0.009 | 0.33 (0.08–1.32) | 0.116 |
In the multivariate models, it was multivariate adjusted. Each group of cases is compared with controls. Variables were included in the multivariate model if it had a p-value of < 0.15 and less than < 20% missing data. A variable was considered significant in the multivariate model if it had a p-value < 0.05. For variables that were highly correlated the smaller p-value was selected as the proxy to be included into the multivariate model.
a female only analysis