Table 5.
Associations between lifestyle risk factors and CRC status
| Characteristics | Controls (N = 714) | SPS Cases with CRC (N = 82) | Univariate Analysis | Multivariate Analysis | SPS Cases with No CRC (N = 267) | Univariate Analysis | Multivariate Analysis | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| N (%) | N (%) | P-value | OR (95% CI) | P-value | N (%) | P-value | OR (95% CI) | P-value | |
| Sex (Female) | 404 (57) | 46 (56) | 0.933 | 180 (67) | 0.002 | 5.58 (3.16–9.86) | < 0.001 | ||
| Age/ Diagnosis Age (median, IQR.) | 50 (44–55) | 53 (37–66) | 0.005 | 1.03 (1.00–1.07) | 0.039 | 35 (29–54) | < 0.001 | 0.94 (0.93–0.96) | < 0.001 |
| Affected with CRC | 0 (0) | 82 (100) | – | 0 | |||||
| Smoking Status | |||||||||
| Never Smoked | 334 (47) | 35 (47) | Ref. | 127 (49) | Ref. | ||||
| Current Smoker | 121 (17) | 9 (12) | 0.378 | 0.44 (0.14–1.34) | 0.147 | 31 (12) | 0.082 | 0.50 (0.28–0.91) | 0.024 |
| Former Smoker | 258 (36) | 31 (41) | 0.599 | 1.15 (0.62–2.13) | 0.653 | 101 (39) | 0.853 | 1.30 (0.86–1.96) | 0216 |
| Years Smoked (mean ± S.D.) | 10.20 ± 12.43 | 14.11 ± 17.82 | 0.018 | 1.02 (1.00–1.04) | 0.114 | 8.54 ± 12.92 | 0.069 | 1.00 (0.99–1.02) | 0.836 |
| Daily Cigarettes | |||||||||
| No Cigarettes | 334 (47) | 37 (50) | Ref. | 133 (53) | |||||
| 1–5 Cigarettes per day | 54 (8) | 7 (10) | 0.719 | 1.86 (0.68–5.09) | 0.225 | 38 (15) | 0.016 | 1.35 (0.73–2.48) | 0.340 |
| 6–10 Cigarettes per day | 78 (11) | 7 (10) | 0.625 | 0.75 (0.27–2.07) | 0.580 | 27 (11) | 0.569 | 0.71 (0.37–1.36) | 0.304 |
| > 10 Cigarettes per day | 246 (35) | 22 (30) | 0.448 | 0.64 (0.32–1.30) | 0.219 | 54 (21) | 0.001 | 0.72 (0.45–1.15) | 0.175 |
| Height (cm) (mean ± S.D.) | 168.61 ± 10.11 | 170.73 ± 10.29 | 0.123 | 1.00 (0.96–1.03) | 0.752 | 171.20 ± 9.17 | 0.001 | 1.08 (1.05–1.11) | < 0.001 |
| Weight (kg) (mean ± S.D.) | 75.56 ± 16.94 | 75.95 ± 13.13 | – | 76.86 ± 16.57 | |||||
| Weight at 20 years of age (kg) (mean ± S.D.) | 63.22 ± 12.91 | 63.30 ± 9.87 | – | 69.59 ± 15.12 | |||||
| BMI at registration (mean ± S.D.) | 26.51 ± 5.30 | 26.15 ± 4.58 | 0.608 | 26.25 ± 5.27 | 0.523 | ||||
| BMI at 20 years of age (mean ± S.D.) | 22.14 ± 3.53 | 21.80 ± 2.55 | 0.485 | 23.85 ± 5.04 | < 0.001 | 1.10 (1.05–1.16) | < 0.001 | ||
| Diabetes | 31 (4) | 3 (5) | 0.877 | 12 (5) | 0.755 | ||||
| Blood Lipid Lowering Medication | 65 (9) | 10 (16) | 0.116 | 1.61 (0.69–3.74) | 0.270 | 26 (11) | 0.524 | ||
| Weekly Aspirin (dose/week) (mean ± S.D.) | 0.99 ± 3.36 | 0.67 ± 2.07 | 0.414 | 0.28 ± 1.46 | < 0.001 | 0.95 (0.87–1.03) | 0.230 | ||
| Weekly NSAIDs (dose/week) (mean ± S.D.) | 1.72 ± 4.62 | 0.25 ± 1.25 | 0.001 | 0.81 (0.67–0.98) | 0.031 | 0.56 ± 2.45 | < 0.001 | 0.92 (0.87–0.98) | 0.013 |
| Weekly Antacids (dose/week) (mean ± S.D.) | 1.20 ± 4.75 | 0.78 ± 3.11 | 0.441 | 0.91 ± 4.96 | 0.384 | ||||
| Weekly Multivitamins (dose/week) (mean ± S.D.) | 1.79 ± 3.44 | 0.83 ± 2.23 | 0.015 | 0.89 (0.78–1.01) | 0.071 | 1.28 ± 2.75 | 0.029 | 0.95 (0.89–1.02) | 0.160 |
| Calcium (dose/week) (mean ± S.D.) | 1.01 ± 2.70 | 0.35 ± 1.52 | 0.030 | 0.93 (0.78–1.10) | 0.382 | 0.51 ± 2.14 | 0.005 | 0.98 (0.90–1.07) | 0.678 |
| Paracetamol (dose/week) (mean ± S.D.) | 1.86 ± 7.60 | 2.85 ± 7.53 | 0.367 | 1.22 ± 4.59 | 0.191 | ||||
| Folate (dose/week) (mean ± S.D.) | 1.09 ± 2.53 | 0.44 ± 1.72 | 0.029 | 0.97 (0.82–1.14) | 0.685 | 0.28 ± 1.49 | < 0.001 | 0.79 (0.71–0.89) | < 0.001 |
| Weekly Alcohol Consumption | |||||||||
| No Alcohol | 171 (27) | 9 (16) | Ref. | 86 (39) | Ref. | ||||
| 1–100 g per week | 285 (46) | 24 (42) | 0.243 | 1.83 (0.75–4.48) | 0.187 | 79 (36) | 0.001 | 0.42 (0.27–0.67) | < 0.001 |
| 101–200 g per week | 100 (16) | 13 (23) | 0.045 | 2.44 (0.88–6.77) | 0.088 | 36 (17) | 0.155 | 0.73 (0.41–1.31) | 0.287 |
| 201–350 g per week | 46 (7) | 7 (12) | 0.045 | 1.76 (0.46–6.67) | 0.407 | 10 (5) | 0.025 | 0.45 (0.18–1.15) | 0.094 |
| > 350 g per week | 25 (4) | 4 (7) | 0.081 | 1.23 (0.20–7.54) | 0.820 | 7 (3) | 0.191 | 0.28 (0.09–0.94) | 0.039 |
| Beer (serves per week) (mean ± S.D.) | 1.78 ± 5.44 | 3.97 ± 9.33 | 0.024 | 1.03 (1.00–1.07) | 0.083 | 1.91 ± 5.22 | 0.852 | ||
| Wine (serves per week) (mean ± S.D.) | 4.09 ± 6.34 | 4.95 ± 6.06 | 0.340 | 2.43 ± 5.86 | < 0.001 | 0.95 (0.91–0.99) | 0.016 | ||
| Spirits (serves per week) (mean ± S.D.) | 1.37 ± 4.34 | 0.93 ± 3.11 | 0.398 | 0.82 ± 2.93 | 0.046 | 0.94 (0.87–1.00) | 0.062 | ||
| Number of Pregnancies (mean ± S.D.)a | 2.67 ± 1.61 | 2.74 ± 2.41 | 0.820 | 1.60 ± 1.51 | < 0.001 | 0.85 (0.71–1.02) | 0.096 | ||
| Pregnancy Age (years) (mean ± S.D.) a | 25.68 ± 4.86 | 25.32 ± 4.98 | 0.695 | 25.50 ± 5.11 | 0.734 | ||||
| Hormone Replacement Therapy (HRT) a | 74 (21) | 4 (13) | 0.244 | 10 (6) | < 0.001 | 0.49 (0.19–1.29) | 0.147 | ||
In the multivariate models, it was multivariate adjusted. Each group of cases is compared with controls. Variables were included in the multivariate model if it had a p-value of < 0.15 and less than < 20% missing data. A variable was considered significant in the multivariate model if it had a p-value < 0.05. For variables that were highly correlated the smaller p-value was selected as the proxy to be included into the multivariate model.
a female only analysis