Degirmen 2010.

Study characteristics
Methods	Quasi‐randomised controlled experimental study, Turkey.
Participants	75 conscious women were divided into 3 groups: a control group (n: 25), a foot and hand massage group (n: 25), and a foot massage group (n: 25).
Interventions	The foot and hand massage group received 20 minutes' massage include petrissage, kneading and friction; the foot massage group received 10 minutes' massage; the control group did not receive any massage. The massage intervention was applied 2.5 ± 1.0 hours after the administration of analgesics in the intervention groups.
Outcomes	The pain intensity and vital findings of the participants were measured 1 to 4 hours after a dose of pain medication in both control and massage groups. Measurements were recorded on the Premassage–Postmassage Postoperative Pain and Vital Findings Follow‐up Form in 60 to 90 minutes after the intervention.
Notes	Funding sources: not mentioned. Setting: obstetric intensive care units and services of all the public and university hospitals in the province of Eskisehir, Turkey, namely, Eskisehir Public Hospital, Gynaecology and Obstetrics Hospital, and Osmangazi University Education and Training Hospital. Conflicts of interest: not mentioned. Dates of trial: 1st January and 30th April 2006.
Risk of bias
Bias	Authors' judgement	Support for judgement
Random sequence generation (selection bias)	High risk	Random sampling method. The participants were randomised according to their order of presentation and evenly divided into 3 groups.
Allocation concealment (selection bias)	High risk	The participants were randomised according to their order of presentation and evenly divided into 3 groups ‐ no attempt to conceal allocation.
Blinding of participants and personnel (performance bias) All outcomes	High risk	It was not possible to blind participants.
Blinding of outcome assessment (detection bias) All outcomes	Unclear risk	Not described.
Incomplete outcome data (attrition bias) All outcomes	Low risk	There were no losses.
Selective reporting (reporting bias)	Low risk	Presents the results of the outcomes proposed in methods.
Other bias	Low risk	We do not suspect any other bias related to this study.