Ebneshahidi 2008.
| Study characteristics | ||
| Methods | Randomised controlled study, Iran. | |
| Participants | 77 women aged 18 to 36 years, ASA I–II, received general anaesthesia and elective CS. music group n: 38 women, silence group n: 39 women. | |
| Interventions | The intervention group was exposed to 30 minutes of music, 15 minutes after arrival at the recovery room and the control group was exposed to silence by using headphones.Both groups received morphine administered in the recovery room and via the PCA for the first postoperative hour. | |
| Outcomes | Pain (VAS), anxiety (VAS), vital signs (blood pressure and heart rate) and morphine consumption 30 minutes after finalised surgery. | |
| Notes | 2 participants from the music group were excluded because of technical problems with cassette players at the recovery. Another participant from the control group was identified as an outlier for extreme anxiety and was dropped from the analyses. Funding sources: not mentioned. Setting: Sadi Hospital, Iran. Conflicts of interest: not mentioned. Dates of trial: not mentioned, published 2008. |
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| Risk of bias | ||
| Bias | Authors' judgement | Support for judgement |
| Random sequence generation (selection bias) | Unclear risk | Not described. |
| Allocation concealment (selection bias) | Unclear risk | Not described. |
| Blinding of participants and personnel (performance bias) All outcomes | High risk | It was not possible to blind participants. |
| Blinding of outcome assessment (detection bias) All outcomes | Low risk | After 30 minutes of intervention, each VAS scale was presented to the participants individually by an instructed nurse who was unaware of assignments. After 30 minutes of intervention, an attending nurse who was unaware of assignments measured heart rate and noninvasive blood pressure 2 times with a 5‐minute interval. |
| Incomplete outcome data (attrition bias) All outcomes | Low risk | The losses were few and balanced between groups. |
| Selective reporting (reporting bias) | Low risk | The outcomes proposed in the methods were described in the results. |
| Other bias | Low risk | We do not suspect any other bias related to this study. |