Hanan 2011.

Study characteristics
Methods	Quasi‐randomised controlled study, Egypt.
Participants	A total of 150 women conscious, with intact hand and foot skin and free from arthritis, phlebitis, burn wound, injury, inflammation, eczema, cardiovascular and respiratory disease, undergoing CS were randomised, 75 participants in each group.
Interventions	The intervention group received foot and hand massage for 20 minutes, 5 minutes for each hand then 5 minutes for each foot. The massage was applied 3 times at 5:40, 11:40, 17:40 hour after delivery. The control group received routine analgesics for pain relief.
Outcomes	Level of pain (numerical rating scale), conditions aggravating pain, pain characteristic (Modified McGill pain questionnaire, short form). Outcomes assessed 6 hours, 12 hours and 18 hours after surgery.
Notes	Funding sources: not mentioned. Setting: Ain Shams Maternity University Hospital. Conflicts of interest: not mentioned. Dates of trial: January 2011 to September 2011.
Risk of bias
Bias	Authors' judgement	Support for judgement
Random sequence generation (selection bias)	High risk	The sample was a systematic random sample.
Allocation concealment (selection bias)	Unclear risk	Not described.
Blinding of participants and personnel (performance bias) All outcomes	High risk	It was not possible to blind participants.
Blinding of outcome assessment (detection bias) All outcomes	Unclear risk	Not described.
Incomplete outcome data (attrition bias) All outcomes	Low risk	There were no losses.
Selective reporting (reporting bias)	Low risk	All outcomes proposed in the methods were reported.
Other bias	High risk	The trial authors did not clearly state about the use of analgesic medication associated with the intervention, and about the general characteristics of the sample.