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. Author manuscript; available in PMC: 2022 Nov 27.
Published in final edited form as: Cancer Lett. 2022 Feb 3;531:71–82. doi: 10.1016/j.canlet.2022.01.028

Fig. 5.

Fig. 5.

Most upregulated immune/inflammation genes in prostate cancer in Black men have proinflammatory functions, as opposed to immunosuppressive. Genes in red are upregulated in prostate cancer in Black men relative to White men. Some key cell subpopulations involved in immunosuppressive signaling are shown, including regulatory T cells (Treg), tumor-associated macrophages (TAM), and myeloid-derived suppressor cells (MDSC). During carcinogenesis, stromal fibroblasts differentiate into cancer-associated myofibroblasts. As key members of the prostate tumor microenvironment, both fibroblasts and myofibroblasts express proinflammatory cytokines, such as IL6, IL8, TNF, TGFβ, and IL1β (all of which are expressed at higher rates in prostate cancer in Black men compared to prostate cancer in White men).