Table 4.

The evaluation of sleep disturbance profiles with PDSS2 between different study groups.

	Healthy control (n = 99)		Hepatitis B (n = 74)		Hepatitis C (n = 22)		Kruskal-Wallis test	Quade's test+
	Mean	SD	Mean	SD	Mean	SD	p-value	p -value
All quality of night's sleep	1.07	1.296	0.97	1.227	0.59	1.098	0.215
Sleep onset	0.81	1.113	0.97	1.324	1.04	1.430	0.843
								HC-HBV	0.528
Maintenance insomnia	0.79	1.118	0.87	1.260	0.22	0.528	0.047*	HC-HCV	0.039*
								HBV-HCV	0.016*
Nocturnal restlessness of	0.47	0.993	0.35	0.867	0.00	0.000	0.030*	HC-HBV	0.170
legs or arms								HC-HCV	0.002#
								HBV-HCV	0.076
Fidget in bed	0.42	0.882	0.41	0.936	0.04	0.213	0.094
Distressing dream	0.36	0.788	0.47	1.023	0.31	0.894	0.798
Distressing hallucination	0.16	0.724	0.67	0.478	0.00	0.000	0.321
Unable to turn around in bed or move due to immobility	2.28	1.443	2.58	1.261	2.22	1.572	0.366
Wake up at night due to painful arms and legs	0.25	0.747	0.25	0.741	0.00	0.000	0.163
Wake up at night due to muscle cramp in patients' arms and legs	0.35	0.837	0.43	1.008	0.45	0.213	0.143
Wake up at night due to muscle cramps in patients' arms and legs	0.41	0.833	0.37	0.735	0.36	0.658	0.999
Wake up early due to painful arms and legs in the morning	0.33	0.857	0.35	0.867	0.00	0.000	0.067
Tremor on waking	0.14	0.700	0.08	0.490	0.00	0.000	0.557
Sleep refreshment	0.80	1.143	0.86	0.926	0.45	1.011	0.058
Shortness of breath at night	0.18	0.719	0.24	0.679	0.00	0.000	0.079

⁺Quade's test (age, sex, hypertension, diabetes mellitus, hyperlipidemia were set as covariates).

^#indicates the p-value close to the significance cut-off value determined by the Bonferroni correction.

HBV, hepatitis B virus; HCV, hepatitis C virus; HC, healthy control; SD, standard deviation.

^*Indicates p-value < 0.05.