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. 2022 Nov 27;12:20408. doi: 10.1038/s41598-022-24784-4

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© The Author(s) 2022

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article's Creative Commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article's Creative Commons licence and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this licence, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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Comparison of clinical outcomes. Shown are adjusted value of Euro-Quality of Life-5 Dimension (EQ-5D; range from 0 to 1, with higher scores indicating better quality of life) (a) and Korean version of Oswestry Disability Index (ODI; range from 0 to 45, with higher scores indicating more disability related to back pain) (b), numerical rating score of pain on back and leg (NRS-B and NRS-L; range from 0 to 10, with higher scores indicating more pain) (c and d) before and after surgery, among D-group and F-group. I bars represent standard errors. An asterisk (*) means statistical significance (p < 0.05).