TABLE 2.
Univariate analysis of risk factors associated with subsequent carbapenem‐resistant Enterobacterales (CRE) clinical infection among CRE carriers
| Variables | Case group (n = 100) | Control group (n = 105) | p |
|---|---|---|---|
| General information | |||
| Male sex, n (%) | 76 (76.0%) | 80 (76.2%) | 0.975 |
| Median age (range), years | 51 (31–66) | 53.5 (41.5–67) | 0.109 |
| Age ≥65 years, n (%) | 37 (37.0%) | 30 (28.6%) | 0.198 |
| Length of stay (days), IQR (range) | 21 (13–34) | 27 (15.25–47) | 0.020* |
| Previous hospitalization, n (%) | 47 (47.0%) | 41 (39.0%) | 0.250 |
| Previous hospitalizations >1, n (%) | 41 (41.0%) | 33 (31.4%) | 0.154 |
| Previous hospitalizations >2, n (%) | 28 (28.0%) | 20 (19.0%) | 0.130 |
| Previous hospitalizations >3, n (%) | 28 (28.0%) | 15 (14.3%) | 0.016* |
| History of smoking, n (%) | 30 (30.0%) | 35 (33.3%) | 0.608 |
| History of alcohol, n (%) | 16 (16.0%) | 17 (16.2%) | 0.970 |
| Comorbid conditions, n (%) | |||
| Solid organ tumor | 10 (10.0%) | 13 (12.4%) | 0.589 |
| Lung disease | 30 (30.0%) | 25 (24.0%) | 0.337 |
| Hypertension | 28 (28.0%) | 25 (23.8%) | 0.493 |
| Heart disease | 12 (12.0%) | 11 (10.5%) | 0.730 |
| Diabetes mellitus | 15 (15.0%) | 18 (17.1%) | 0.676 |
| Hematopathy | 15 (15.0%) | 27 (25.7%) | 0.057 |
| Renal disease | 11 (11.0%) | 6 (5.7%) | 0.170 |
| Liver disease | 14 (14.0%) | 12 (11.4%) | 0.580 |
| Biliary tract disease | 3 (3.0%) | 3 (2.9%) | 1.000 |
| Pancreatitis | 5 (5.0%) | 7 (6.7%) | 0.611 |
| Enteritis | 6 (6.0%) | 2 (1.9%) | 0.249 |
| Being in coma condition (Gcs score ≤8) | 21 (21.0%) | 8 (7.6%) | 0.006* |
| Organ transplantation | 2 (2.0%) | 3 (2.9%) | 0.548 |
| Pyohemia | 3 (3.0%) | 3 (2.9%) | 1.000 |
| Invasive procedures, n (%) | |||
| Central venous catheter | 62 (62.0%) | 45 (42.9%) | 0.006* |
| Arterial catheter | 60 (60.0%) | 54 (51.4%) | 0.217 |
| Endotracheal intubation | 44 (44.0%) | 39 (37.1%) | 0.317 |
| Tracheotomy | 34 (34.0%) | 19 (18.1%) | 0.009* |
| Mechanical ventilation | 50 (50.0%) | 46 (43.8%) | 0.375 |
| Nasogastric tube | 68 (68.0%) | 53 (50.5%) | 0.011* |
| Urinary catheter | 65 (65.0%) | 56 (53.3%) | 0.090 |
| Other clinical parameters, n (%) | |||
| Previous surgery (in a month) | 20 (20.0%) | 22 (21.0%) | 0.866 |
| Artificial prosthesis | 0 (0.0%) | 3 (2.9%) | 0.262 |
| Use proton pump inhibitors | 55 (55.0%) | 49 (46.7%) | 0.233 |
| Using chemotherapeutic drugs | 15 (15.0%) | 14 (13.3%) | 0.732 |
| Admission to ICU, n (%) | 60 (60.0%) | 55 (52.4%) | 0.272 |
| Transfer from another hospital, n (%) | 16 (16.2%) | 13 (12.4%) | 0.440 |
| Antimicrobial exposure, n (%) | |||
| Penicillin | 1 (1.0%) | 5 (4.8%) | 0.237 |
| Cephalosporins | 23 (23.0%) | 18 (17.1%) | 0.295 |
| Carbapenems | 72 (72.0%) | 57 (54.3%) | 0.009* |
| Aztreonam | 3 (3.0%) | 1 (1.0%) | 0.579 |
| Latamoxef | 2 (2.0%) | 2 (1.9%) | 1.000 |
| β‐lactam/β‐lactamase inhibitors | 71 (71.0%) | 65 (61.9%) | 0.168 |
| Vancomycin | 34 (34.0%) | 31 (29.5%) | 0.491 |
| Teicoplanin | 11 (11.0%) | 11 (10.5%) | 0.904 |
| Amikacin | 13 (13.0%) | 4 (3.8%) | 0.017* |
| Gentamicin | 6 (6.0%) | 4 (3.8%) | 0.687 |
| Tobramycin | 0 (0.0%) | 1 (1.0%) | 1.000 |
| Fluoroquinolones | 37 (37.0%) | 38 (36.2%) | 0.904 |
| Linezolid | 23 (23.0%) | 31 (29.5%) | 0.289 |
| Tigecycline | 15 (15.2%) | 10 (9.5%) | 0.221 |
| Colistin | 15 (15.2%) | 9 (8.6%) | 0.145 |
| Tetracycline | 14 (14.0%) | 9 (8.6%) | 0.218 |
| Metronidazole | 7 (7.0%) | 2 (1.9%) | 0.150 |
| Sulfamethoxazole | 4 (4.0%) | 2 (1.9%) | 0.635 |
| Azithromycin | 2 (2.0%) | 4 (3.8%) | 0.723 |
| Antifungal agents | 50 (50.0%) | 47 (44.8%) | 0.453 |
| The use of antibiotics ≥3, n (%) | 69 (69.0%) | 59 (56.2%) | 0.058 |
*
p < 0.05.