Table 1.
Demographic and clinical characteristics of the 60 study subjects
| Variables | Controls | COVID-19-positive | COVID-19-recovered |
|---|---|---|---|
| Number, n | 20 | 20 | 20 |
| Male, % | 60.0 | 60.0 | 60.0 |
| Median age, y (IQR)a | 41 (30–50) | 58 (40–67) | 46 (32–54) |
| Race, % | |||
| Asian | 40.0 | 20.0 | |
| African American | 10.0 | 15.0 | 10.0 |
| Hispanic | 35.0 | 20.0 | |
| White | 50.0 | 50.0 | 50.0 |
| Comorbidities, % | |||
| Gastrointestinal disorders | 5.0 | 5.0 | |
| Obesity | 35.0 | ||
| Diabetes mellitus | 35.0 | ||
| Gastrointestinal symptoms, % | 30.0 | 5.0 | |
| Antibiotic usage, % | 10.0 | 60.0 | 20.0 |
| Cephalosporin | 45.0 | ||
| Penicillin | 35.0 | 5.0 | |
| Glycopeptide | 30.0 | ||
| Macrolide | 5.0 | 20.0 | 10.0 |
| Sulfonamide | 5.0 | 10.0 | |
| Unspecified | 5.0 | ||
| Antiviral therapy, % | 25.0 | ||
| Tocilizumab | 20.0 | ||
| Unspecified | 5.0 | ||
| Other COVID-19 treatment, % | |||
| Hydroxychloroquine | 30.0 | ||
| Dietary supplements | 30.0 | 20.0 | |
| Antifungal therapy | 10.0 | ||
| Corticosteroid | 20.0 | ||
aAge comparisons were performed using one-way ANOVA: p = 0.01 between healthy controls and COVID-19-positive; p = 0.049 between COVID-19-positive and COVID-19- recovered; p = 0.52 between healthy controls and COVID-19-recovered