TABLE 2.
Summary of the effects of natural extracts on gut microbiota and laboratory indexes.
| Ingredients | Subjects | Effects on gut microbiota | Primary outcomes | References |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Emodin | 5/6 nephrectomy rats | Increased Lactobacillus; reduced Enteroroccus, Escherichia coli, and C. perfringens | Reduced urea concentrations and urinary protein excretion; decreased urea and indoxyl Sulfate levels; improved renal function | Zeng et al. (2016) |
| Emodin-NP | 5/6 nephrectomy rats | Returned the microbial balance, increased butyrate-producing bacteria | Reduced IL-1β, IL-6, and LPS levels in serum; improved intestinal barrier functions, downregulated TLR4, MyD88, and NF-κB expression in intestinal TLR4 signaling pathway; Improved renal function and inhibited tubulointerstitial injury | Lu et al. (2021) |
| Resveratrol | db/db mice | Increased Bacteroides, Alistipes, Rikenella, Odoribacter, Parabacteroides, and Alloprevotella abundance | Decreased Scr, blood urea nitrogen, and urine 24-h microalbuminuria levels; improved intestinal barrier function; ameliorated intestinal permeability and inflammation | Cai et al. (2020) |
| Resveratrol butyrate ester (RBE) | Adenine-fed rats | High-dose RBE increased the abundance of Akkermansia, Blautia, and Enterococcus | Reduced renal expression of GPR41 and Olfr78 protected adenine-treated rats against hypertension and renal dysfunction | Hsu et al. (2022) |
| Punicalagin | High-fat diet-induced mice | Increased SCFAs producing bacteria Akkermansia, Eubacterium_coprostanoligenes_group and Lachnospiraceae | Decreased CREA, UA, and BUN levels; ameliorated kidney architecture and function | Hua et al. (2022) |
| Rehmannia glutinosa leaves total glycoside | db/db mice | Increased Erysipelotrichaceae and Acetatifactor | Decreased blood sugar and lipid levels as well as BUN, mALB, and Scr levels; alleviated pathological changes | Xu et al. (2020) |
| Total flavones of Abelmoschus manihot | Uninephrectomy, potassium oxonate, and proinflammatory diet-induced rats | Decreased Bacteroidales and Lactobacillales and increased Erysipelotrichales | Inhibited IL1b, TNF-α, NF-κB; decreased BUN, Scr, and SUA | Tu et al. (2020) |
| Curcumin | T2DM and DN patients | Increased Bacteroides Bifidobacterium and Lactobacillus | Attenuated U-mAlb excretion, reduced plasma MDA as well as LPS content; increased IκB | Yang et al. (2015) |
| Fisetin | Potassium oxonate and adenine-induced mice | Decreased Firmicutes, increased Bacteroidetes and Epsilonbacteraeota | Reduced serum uric acid, Scr, and BUN levels | Ren et al. (2021) |
| Bupleurum polysaccharides | Streptozotocin induced mice | Increased Candidatus_Arthromitus; BCP increased Rikenellaceae, Ruminococcus, Oscillospira, and Roseburia; BPs increased Helicobacter and Eubacterium | Decreased blood glucose, cr and U-ALB; reduced TNF-α, IL-6; improved gut barrier | Feng et al. (2019) |
| Cordyceps cicadae polysaccharides | Streptozotocin and high-fat diet-induced DN rats | Increased Verrucomicrobia, Actinobacteria, et al., decreased Proteobacteria, and Deferribacteres et al | Reduced collagen I, fibronectin, andα-SMA; decreased TNF-α, IL-1β, and IL-6; alleviated insulin resistance; decreased 24 h urine volume, urine protein, ACR, BUN and Scr, increased urine creatinine and Ccr | Yang et al. (2020) |
Abbreviations: Cr, creatinine; Scr, Serum creatinine; Ccr, creatinine clearance; BUN, blood Urea Nitrogen; UA, uric acid; mALB, microalbumin; U-ALB, U-mAlb, urine microalbumin; ACR, Urine albumin/creatinine.