Table 1.
Baseline characteristics of participants by diabetes and cognition categories.
| Characteristics | Normal cognition and non-DM | Normal cognition and DM | CI and non-DM | CI and DM | Overall | p-value |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| No. of participants | 2,836 | 900 | 587 | 176 | 4,499 | |
| Age, mean (SD) | 69.68 (6.56) | 70.16 (6.03) | 72.78 (7.68) | 72.20 (7.10) | 70.28 (6.73) | <0.001 |
| MMSE, mean (SD) | 26.08 (3.47) | 26.09 (3.45) | 15.57 (5.12) | 15.91 (5.07) | 24.31 (5.45) | <0.001 |
| FPG, median (IQR) | 5.37 (5.03,5.76) | 7.31 (6.42,8.62) | 5.28 (4.88,5.68) | 7.33 (6.58,9.27) | 5.55 (5.11,6.26) | <0.001 |
| HbA1c, median (IQR) | 5.60 (5.40,5.90) | 6.80 (6.30,7.70) | 5.60 (5.40,5.90) | 6.70 (6.20,7.80) | 5.80 (5.40,6.10) | <0.001 |
| BMI, median (IQR) | 24.44 (22.64,26.37) | 25.08 (23.44,27.18) | 24.56 (22.60,25.39) | 25.07 (23.56,27.25) | 24.69 (22.86,26.4) | <0.001 |
| WC, median (IQR) | 88.00 (83.00,93.00) | 90.00 (86.00,96.00) | 88.00 (84.00,90.00) | 90.00 (86.00,95.50) | 89.00 (84.00,93.0) | <0.001 |
| TC, median (IQR) | 4.89 (4.26,5.59) | 4.96 (4.34,5.71) | 4.79 (4.18,5.51) | 4.86 (4.18,5.58) | 4.89 (4.25,5.59) | 0.019 |
| TG, median (IQR) | 1.28 (0.93,1.79) | 1.56 (1.07,2.24) | 1.21 (0.87,1.67) | 1.51 (1.11,2.08) | 1.32 (0.95,1.85) | <0.001 |
| Uric acid, median (IQR) | 294.00 (245.00,351.00) |
295.40 (246.40,353.00) |
281.16 (226.85,338.27) |
276.20 (228.90,338.10) |
291.02 (241.80,349.00) |
0.001 |
| Female, n (%) | 1,599 (56.4) | 580 (64.4) | 378 (64.4) | 127 (72.2) | 2,684 (59.7) | <0.001 |
| Residence, n (%) Urban Rural |
1,389 (49.0) 1,447 (51.0) |
533 (59.2) 367 (40.8) |
126 (21.5) 461 (78.5) |
54 (30.7) 122 (69.3) |
2,102 (46.7) 2,397 (53.3) |
|
| Marriage, n (%) Married Widowed Others |
1,180 (41.6) 1,424 (50.2) 232 (8.2) |
455 (50.6) 363 (40.3) 82 (9.1) |
96 (16.4) 448 (76.3) 43 (7.3) |
43 (24.4) 118 (67.0) 15 (8.5) |
1,774 (39.4) 2,353 (52.3) 372 (8.3) |
<0.001 |
| Education, years n (%) 0 1-6 >6 |
656 (23.1) 909 (32.1) 1,271 (44.8) |
211 (23.4) 262 (29.1) 427 (47.4) |
264 (45.0) 196 (33.4) 127 (21.6) |
68 (38.6) 56 (31.8) 52 (29.5) |
1,199 (26.7) 1,423 (31.6) 1,877 (41.7) |
<0.001 |
| Alcohol drinking, n (%) Never Former Current |
1,715 (60.5) 142 (5.0) 979 (34.5) |
621 (69.0) 58 (6.4) 221 (24.6) |
334 (56.9) 41 (7.0) 212 (36.1) |
121 (68.8) 9 (5.1) 46 (26.1) |
2,791 (62.0) 250 (5.6) 1,458 (32.4) |
<0.001 |
| Smoking status, n (%) Never Former Current |
1,939 (68.4) 378 (13.3) 519 (18.3) |
638 (70.9) 135 (15.0) 127 (14.1) |
417 (71.0) 61 (10.4) 109 (18.6) |
133 (75.6) 20 (11.4) 23 (13.1) |
3,127 (69.5) 594 (13.2) 778 (17.3) |
0.008 |
| Exercise <0.5 h/day ≥0.5 h/day |
899 (31.7) 1,937 (68.3) |
245 (27.2) 655 (72.8) |
288 (49.1) 299 (50.9) |
72 (40.9) 104 (59.1) |
1,504 (33.4) 2,995 (66.6) |
<0.001 |
| Hypertension, n (%) Yes No |
1,783 (62.9) 1,053 (37.1) |
650 (72.2) 250 (27.8) |
409 (69.7) 178 (30.3) |
126 (71.6) 50 (28.4) |
2,968 (66.0) 1,531 (34.0) |
<0.001 |
| Coronary disease, n (%) Yes No |
544 (19.2) 2,292 (80.8) |
246 (27.3) 654 (72.7) |
100 (17.0) 487 (83.0) |
48 (27.3) 128 (72.7) |
938 (20.8) 3,561 (79.2) |
<0.001 |
| Dyslipidemia, n (%) Yes No |
486 (17.1) 2,350 (82.9) |
239 (26.6) 661 (73.4) |
44 (7.5) 534 (92.5) |
24 (13.6) 152 (86.4) |
793 (17.6) 3,706 (82.4) |
<0.001 |
| COPD, n (%) Yes No |
228 (8.0) 2,608 (92.0) |
80 (8.9) 820 (91.1% |
34 (5.8) 553 (94.2) |
9 (5.1) 167 (94.9) |
351 (7.8) 4,148 (92.2) |
0.080 |
| Tumor, n (%) Yes No |
183 (6.5) 2,653 (93.5) |
69 (7.7) 831 (92.3) |
20 (3.4) 567 (96.6) |
7 (4.0) 169 (96.0) |
279 (6.2) 4,220 (93.8) |
0.005 |
SD, standard deviation; CI, cognitive impairment; DM, diabetes mellitus; WC, waist circumference; FPG, fasting plasma glucose; HbA1c, glycated hemoglobin; MMSE, Mini-Mental State Examination. Chronic diseases (hypertension, cardiovascular disease, dyslipidemia, COPD, tumor) that coexist in the same older person.