Table 5.

Included studies covering spatio-temporal monitoring of disease spread with hybrid models and their key aspects.

Study	Key aspects
Dandekar and Barbastathis (56)	Analyze NPIs in different countries to find effective reproduction number
Menda et al. (57)	Estimate dynamic transmission number with NN, allowing for multi-peaks
Silva et al. (58)	Build society with ABM and simulate different NPI scenarios
Capobianco et al. (59)	Combine ABM and SEIR with Markov model and RL for NPI planning
Wang et al. (60)	Combine spatial and temporal models
Watson et al. (61)	Predict deaths by relation between cases and population characteristics
Fritz et al. (62)	Use a GNN to include local mobility and connectedness data from Meta
Hadley et al. (63)	Modify transmission and hospitalization rates fitted to agent's characteristics

NPI, non-pharmaceutical intervention; NN, neural network; ABM, agent-based modeling; SEIR, susceptible-exposed-infected-recovered; RL, reinforcement learning; GNN, graph neural network.