Table 4.
Variables associated with overall survival in 120 non-small cell lung cancer patients.
| Variables | Mean OS (months) | Univariate Analysis b | Multivariate Analysis c | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| HR (95% CI) | HR | P value | HR (95% CI) | P value | ||
| Age (years, median) | ||||||
| ≤ 65 (reference) | 74 | |||||
| > 65 | 82 | 0.96 (0.54-1.71) | -0.039 | 0.895 | ||
| Gender | ||||||
| Male (reference) | 59 | |||||
| Female | 107 | 0.39 (0.20-0.75) | -0.942 | 0.004 | 0.39(0.17-0.90) | 0.028 |
| Smoker Status a | ||||||
| Non-Smoker (reference) | 95 | |||||
| Smoker/Former-smoker | 84 | 1.38(0.67-2.89) | 0.327 | 0.382 | ||
| Histological type | ||||||
| Adenocarcinoma (reference) | 83 | 0.245 | ||||
| Squamous cell carcinoma | 74 | 1.65(0.89-3.09) | 0.498 | 0.120 | ||
| Large cell carcinoma | 60 | 1.88(0.45-7.94) | 0.633 | 0.389 | ||
| T stage† | ||||||
| T1+T2 (reference) | 97 | |||||
| T3+T4 | 45 | 2.69(1.46-4.94) | 0.989 | 0.001 | 2.14(1.03-4.74) | 0.041 |
| N stage† | ||||||
| N0 (reference) | 85 | 0.497 | ||||
| N1 | 55 | 1.63(0.71-3.70) | 0.486 | 0.247 | ||
| N2 | 75 | 0.992(0.45-2.16) | -0.008 | 0.983 | ||
| Pathological Stage† | ||||||
| I+II (reference) | 87 | |||||
| III | 66 | 1.35(0.71-2.58) | 0.301 | 0.362 | ||
| Tumor Size | ||||||
| ≤ 3 cm (reference) | 100 | |||||
| > 3 cm | 61 | 1.95(1.08-3.53) | 0.669 | 0.026 | 3.65(1.58-8.40) | 0.002 |
| Relapse a | ||||||
| Absent (reference) | 99 | |||||
| Present | 48 | 2.98(1.60-5.53) | 1.091 | 0.001 | 2.65(1.27-5.51) | 0.009 |
| Adjuvant therapy | ||||||
| Chemotherapy a | ||||||
| Yes (reference) | 64 | |||||
| No | 91 | 0.62(0.35-1.11) | -0.469 | 0.110 | 4.61(1.74-12.20) | 0.002 |
| Radiotherapy a | ||||||
| Yes (reference) | 45 | |||||
| No | 91 | 0.40(0.21-0.76) | -0.906 | 0.005 | 0.22(0.08-0.59) | 0.003 |
|
Protein expression
(≤ mean vs > mean) | ||||||
| Heparan Sulfate a | ||||||
| ≤ 1.55% (reference) | 72 | |||||
| > 1.55% | 91 | 0.77(0.42-1.41) | -0.258 | 0.402 | 0.44(0.19-1.02) | 0.055 |
| Chondroitin Sulfate | ||||||
| ≤ 11.92% (reference) | 85 | |||||
| > 11.92% | 74 | 1.02(0.57-1.82) | 0.022 | 0.941 | ||
| Col I | ||||||
| ≤ 2.81% (reference) | 78 | |||||
| > 2.81% | 78 | 1.12(0.62-2.01) | 0.114 | 0.703 | ||
| Col III | ||||||
| ≤ 25.04% (reference) | 81 | |||||
| > 25.04% | 77 | 0.92(0.52-1.64) | -0.080 | 0.786 | ||
| Col IV | ||||||
| ≤ 4.30% (reference) | 86 | |||||
| > 4.30% | 67 | 1.30(0.70-2.42) | 0.264 | 0.405 | ||
| Col V | ||||||
| ≤ 14.42% (reference) | 72 | |||||
| > 14.42% | 87 | 0.83(0.46-1.49) | -0.184 | 0.535 | ||
| E-cadherin | ||||||
| ≤ 23.99% (reference) | 91 | |||||
| > 23.99% | 71 | 1.35(0.75-2.44) | 0.300 | 0.320 | ||
| β-catenin a | ||||||
| ≤ 21.25% (reference) | 87 | |||||
| > 21.25% | 77 | 1.08(0.60-1.93) | 0.076 | 0.799 | ||
| WNT1 a | ||||||
| ≤ 13.55% (reference) | 85 | |||||
| > 13.55% | 73 | 1.11(0.62-2.00) | 0.108 | 0.715 | ||
| WNT3A a | ||||||
| ≤ 19.17% (reference) | 61 | |||||
| > 19.17% | 97 | 0.54(0.30-0.99) | -0.612 | 0.046 | 1.44(0.69-3.01) | 0.334 |
| WNT5A | ||||||
| ≤ 42.48% (reference) | 88 | |||||
| > 42.48% | 68 | 1.36(0.73-2.51) | 0.306 | 0.329 | 0.768(0.35-1.66) | 0.501 |
| WNT5B | ||||||
| ≤ 3.75% (reference) | 80 | |||||
| > 3.75% | 77 | 0.97(0.54-1.73) | -0.034 | 0.908 | ||
| SPARC | ||||||
| ≤ 14.25% (reference) | 65 | |||||
| > 14.25% | 98 | 0.55(0.30-1.00) | -0.601 | 0.050 | 0.31(0.13-0.75) | 0.009 |
Some cases had missing follow-up information: Smoke status (31); Tumor size (2); Relapse (21); Chemotherapy (4); Radiotherapy (4); Status (21); Heparan Sulfate (1); β-catenin (2); WNT1 (2); WNT3A (2).
Univariate analysis was carried out without any adjustment in order to generate hazard ratios with confidence intervals for individual risk for each of the parameters on survival.
Multivariate analysis was carried out to analyze the effects of several risk parameters on survival.
† According to the 8th Edition International Association for the Study of Lung Cancer (21).
OS, Overall Survival; HR, Hazard Ratio (β coefficient); CI, Confidence Interval; Col I, collagen type I; Col III, collagen type III, Col IV, collagen type IV; Col V, collagen type V.
Bolded values refer to a P-value with statistical significance (P<0.05).
The univariate and multivariate analysis employed a Cox proportional hazards model (Chi-square 33.223; P<0.001).