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. 2022 Nov 14;13:1037812. doi: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.1037812

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Copyright © 2022 Bauer, Rudzki, Berek, Dinoto, Lechner, Wendel, Hegen, Deisenhammer, Berger, Höftberger, Rostasy, Mariotto and Reindl

This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY). The use, distribution or reproduction in other forums is permitted, provided the original author(s) and the copyright owner(s) are credited and that the original publication in this journal is cited, in accordance with accepted academic practice. No use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms.

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Heatmap of significantly altered cytokines, chemokines and related molecules showing the frequency of samples above the 90% specificity cut-off values for MS. Samples are classified in cluster 1 to 3 by k-means cluster analysis. Cytokines and chemokines are organized according to their frequency within the clusters. APRIL, a proliferation-inducing ligand; BAFF, B cell activation factor; BLC, B lymphocyte chemoattractant; CD40L, CD40 ligand; ENA-78, epithelial neutrophil-activating peptide-78; FGF, fibroblast growth factor; G-CSF, granulocyte colony-stimulating factor; GM-CSF, granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor; GRO, growth-regulated oncogene; HGF, hepatocyte growth factor; IFN, interferon; IL, interleukin; IP, interferon-ɣ-induced protein; I-TAC, interferon-inducible T cell α-chemoattractant; LIF, leukemia inhibitory factor; MCP, monocyte chemoattractant protein; M-CSF, macrophage colony-stimulating factor; MDC, macrophage-derived chemokine; MIF, macrophage migration inhibitory factor; MIG, monokine induced by interferon-ɣ; MIP, macrophage inflammatory protein; MMP, matrix metalloproteinase; MOGAD, myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein associated disease; MS, multiple sclerosis; NGF, nerve growth factor; NMOSD, neuromyelitis optica spectrum disorder; SCF, stem cell factor; SDF, stromal cell-derived factor; TNF, tumor necrosis factor; TRAIL, TNF-related apoptosis-inducing ligand; TSLP, thymic stromal lymphopoietin; TWEAK, tumor necrosis factor-like weak inducer of apoptosis; VEGF, vascular endothelial growth factor.