Table 2.

Participant characteristics and between-group comparisons.

Source	n (%)	M	SD	95% CI
Gender (Wilks’Λ = 0.931, F(6, 570) = 7.04†, partial η2 = 0.069)
Malea	377 (65.3)
Tension		48.35†b	8.89	[47.36, 49.33]
Depression		50.25	10.64	[49.22, 51.27]
Anger		50.13	10.17	[49.11 51.16]
Vigor		50.08	10.21	[49.08, 51.09]
Fatigue		50.20	10.09	[49.19, 51.22]
Confusion		49.59	9.18	[48.58, 50.61]
Femaleb	200 (34.7)
Tension		53.36†a	11.17	[52.01, 54.71]
Depression		49.71	9.12	[48.30, 51.12]
Anger		49.88	10.05	[48.48, 51.29]
Vigor		49.76	9.40	[48.38, 51.15]
Fatigue		49.81	9.99	[48.41, 51.21]
Confusion		51.00	11.51	[49.61, 52.40]
Total	577 (100)
Age band (year) (Wilks’Λ = 0.913, F(24, 2032) = 2.23†, partial η2 = 0.022)
18–25c	59 (10.0)
Tension		53.88§f	9.45	[51.38, 56.39]
Depression		51.73	14.84	[49.18, 54.29]
Anger		51.45	11.35	[48.89, 54.01]
Vigor		52.63	11.10	[50.10, 55.16]
Fatigue		50.08	8.69	[47.53, 52.62]
Confusion		52.56	11.48	[50.01, 55.10]
26–35d	153 (25.8)
Tension		51.97§f	10.28	[50.41, 53.52]
Depression		48.43	5.22	[46.85, 50.02]
Anger		49.22	7.70	[47.63, 50.81]
Vigor		49.42	8.80	[47.85, 51.00]
Fatigue		50.87	10.25	[49.29, 52.45]
Confusion		50.98	9.96	[49.39, 52.56]
36–45e	207 (35.0)
Tension		49.54	10.62	[48.20, 50.88]
Depression		50.20	9.94	[48.83, 51.56]
Anger		50.52	10.80	[49.15, 51.89]
Vigor		49.94	9.51	[48.60, 51.29]
Fatigue		50.93	10.90	[49.57, 52.29]
Confusion		49.96	10.46	[48.60, 51.32]
46–55f	122 (20.6)
Tension		47.47§cd	8.07	[45.72, 49.21]
Depression		50.67	12.09	[48.89, 52.45]
Anger		49.55	10.91	[47.77, 51.34]
Vigor		49.77	10.07	[48.02, 51.53]
Fatigue		48.74	9.34	[46.97, 50.51]
Confusion		48.58	9.15	[46.81, 50.35]
56+g	51 (8.6)
Tension		47.58	8.99	[44.89, 50.28]
Depression		50.42	8.58	[47.67, 53.18]
Anger		49.75	9.05	[46.99, 52.51]
Vigor		49.55	12.42	[46.83, 52.27]
Fatigue		46.75	7.49	[44.01, 49.49]
Confusion		47.87	7.55	[45.13, 50.61]
Total	592 (100)

Superscript letters indicate significant between-group differences.

^§p < 0.008;

^†p < 0.001.