Table 1.
Prevalence of antimicrobial resistance among Escherichia coli clinical isolates from dogs stratified by sample source, from canine clinical infections at the Cornell University Animal Health Diagnostic Center (AHDC), 2007–2020.
| Non-susceptibility rate |
|||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Total | Urinary tract | Non-Urinary tract | |||||||||
|
| |||||||||||
| Antimicrobial category 1 | Antimicrobial agent | N = 6765 | % | N = 3715 | % | N = 3050 | Invasive | Skin and soft tissues | Reproductive system | Intestinal | Unspecified location |
| Penicillins (PEN) | Ampicillin * | 3641 | 30.3 | 3641 | 30.3 | – | – | – | – | – | – |
| Ticarcillin 4 | 1960 | 35.0 | 113 | NS | 1847 | 37.2 | 37.3 | 24.9 | 46.3 | 44.5 | |
| Penicillins with β-lactamase inhibitor (PI) | Amoxicillin-clavulanate * | 3641 | 17.9 | 3641 | 17.9 | – | – | – | – | – | – |
| Ticarcillin-clavulanate 4 | 1943 | 22.9 | 113 | NS | 1830 | 26.8 | 25.3 | 15.9 | 26.9 | 28.1 | |
| Piperacillin-tazobactam | 1214 | 4.5 | 63 | NS | 1151 | 6.9 | 1.8 | 1.4 | 9.0 | 9.4 | |
| First-generation cephalosporins (FGC) | Cefazolin or cephalothin | 2932 | 38.4 | 176 | NS | 2756 | 37.2 | 40.4 | 28.2 | 50.8 | 45.2 |
| Cephamycins (FOX) | Cefoxitin 4 | 1944 | 17.7 | 113 | NS | 1831 | 20.5 | 21.7 | 10.9 | 18.3 | 23.0 |
| Ceftiofur 2 | 5526 | 14.3 | 3646 | 12.8 | 1880 | 21.6 | 20.3 | 9.4 | 20.8 | 20.0 | |
| Extended-spectrum cephalosporins (ESC) | Cefpodoxime | 3159 | 23.2 | 176 | NS | 2983 | 24.9 | 25.3 | 13.2 | 33.9 | 28.2 |
| Cefovecin | 2745 | 23.1 | 145 | NS | 2600 | 23.2 | 24.2 | 14.1 | 34.5 | 25.7 | |
| Ceftazidime | 1215 | 20.3 | 63 | NS | 1152 | 18.4 | 19.6 | 12.7 | 30.0 | 18.9 | |
| Carbapenems (IMP) | Imipenem 3 | 3160 | 0.4 | 176 | NS | 2984 | 0.3 | 0.6 | 0.0 | 0.7 | 0.5 |
| Aminoglycosides (AMG) | Gentamicin | 3178 | 9.4 | 176 | NS | 3002 | 12.9 | 9.6 | 4.0 | 14.8 | 11.6 |
| Amikacin | 3157 | 3.6 | 176 | NS | 2981 | 3.5 | 4.5 | 3.0 | 3.4 | 3.2 | |
| Tetracyclines (TET) | Tetracycline 3 | 3627 | 16.3 | 3627 | 16.3 | 1567 | NS | NS | NS | NS | NS |
| Doxycycline 3 | 2752 | 21.7 | 145 | NS | 2607 | 24.1 | 21.8 | 11.1 | 35.8 | 23.7 | |
| Phenicols (CHL) | Chloramphenicol 3 | 3177 | 14.0 | 176 | NS | 3001 | 12.9 | 12.4 | 7.8 | 27.7 | 13.7 |
| Enrofloxacin | 6723 | 16.4 | 3709 | 14.3 | 3014 | 21.9 | 20.6 | 6.6 | 35.6 | 17.5 | |
| Fluoroquinolones (FQ) | Marbofloxacin | 3159 | 17.8 | 176 | NS | 2983 | 20.3 | 19.4 | 5.5 | 34.2 | 17.6 |
| Orbifloxacin | 1627 | 23.3 | 94 | NS | 1533 | 27.6 | 23.5 | 9.7 | 39.0 | 23.0 | |
| Pradofloxacin | 1217 | 21.3 | 63 | NS | 1154 | 23.5 | 18.3 | 6.6 | 39.1 | 22.6 | |
| Folate pathway inhibitors (SXT) | Trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole | 6741 | 14.0 | 3707 | 12.2 | 3034 | 18.1 | 15.2 | 9.0 | 26.4 | 23.5 |
N: number of tested E. coli isolates.
NS: Resistance data are not shown because most isolates tested for their antimicrobial susceptibility does not reflect the real resistance rate (e.g., a subpopulation of multidrug-resistant E. coli isolates). These isolates were also excluded from the total resistance rate.
As reported in the Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute (CLSI) guidelines, E. coli canine isolates should be interpreted as resistant to ampicillin and amoxicillin-clavulanate, except in urinary tract infection cases.
The antimicrobial categories were adopted from (Magiorakos et al., 2012).
Clinical breakpoints were adopted from those related to cattle (CLSI VET01S ED5:, 2020) (CLSI, 2020).
Clinical breakpoints were adopted from those related to humans (CLSI VET01S ED5:, 2020) (CLSI, 2020).
Clinical breakpoints were adopted from those related to humans (M100 – 27th edition – 2017) (CLSI, 2017).