Table 2.
Included studies
| No | Author(s) | Year | Programme and study participants | Location and study duration |
| Individual randomised controlled trials | ||||
| 1 | Grépin et al31 | 2019 | M-Kadi Poor pregnant women without formal education (469 participated in the CCT arm at end line out of 1401 total. 481 participated in the CCT arm at baseline out of 1514 total.) |
Kenya (Vihiga county) February 2013 to March 2014 |
| Cluster randomised controlled trials | ||||
| 2 | Barber and Gertler27 | 2010 | Oportunidades Pregnant women (666 treatment and 174 control) |
Mexico 1997–2003 |
| 3 | Kandpal et al36 | 2016 | Pantawid Pamilya Households below poverty line and with children below age 15 or a pregnant woman (462 treatment and 704 control) |
Philippines (4 provinces) October to November 2011 |
| 4 | Okeke and Abubakar29 | 2020 | Conditional cash transfer programme Expectant women (5852 treatment and 5000 control) |
Nigeria (5 states) March 2017 to August 2018 |
| 5 | Triyana26 | 2016 | Program Keluarga Harapan Pregnant and lactating women (8303) |
Indonesia (6 provinces) 2007–2009 |
| 6 | Vanhuyse et al30 | 2022 | Afya Credits Incentive Pregnant women (2522 treatment and 2949 control) |
Kenya (Siaya county) 2017–2019 |
| Controlled before-after studies (all apply difference-in-differences, among other methods) | ||||
| 7 | Kusuma et al37 | 2016 | Program Keluarga Harapan Pregnant and lactating women (8476) |
Indonesia (6 provinces) 2007–2009 |
| 8 | de Brauw and Peterman35 | 2020 | Comunidades Solidarias Rurales Pregnant women (270) |
El Salvador January to November 2008 |
| 9 | Díaz and Saldarriaga41 | 2019 | JUNTOS Pregnant women (9865) |
Peru 2000–2011 |
| 10 | Edmond et al34 | 2019 | CCT programme Women aged 16 years and above delivering in a health facility (treatment: 1199 baseline, 1254 end line; control: 1242 baseline, 1237 end line) |
Afghanistan (3 provinces) November 2016 to December 2017 |
| 11 | Chakrabarti et al39 | 2021 | Mamata Scheme Pregnant and lactating women aged 19 and above (11 036 treatment; 163 539 control 1 and 34 320 control 2) |
India (Odisha state) 1998–2016 |
| 12 | Powell-Jackson et al38 | 2015 | Safe Motherhood Programme Currently married women (340 323) |
India 2001–2008 |
| 13 | Aizawa40 | 2020 | Safe Motherhood Programme Women aged 15–49 years (45 436 treatment and 28 688 control) |
India 2005–2016 |
| 14 | Joshi and Sivaram32 | 2014 | Safe Motherhood Programme Currently married women (425 708 total, over two survey rounds) |
India 2002–2008 |
| 15 | Lim et al42 | 2010 | Safe Motherhood Programme Women (not clear, but mentioning 182 869 households for latest survey round used in study) |
India 2002–2008 |
| 16 | Debnath44 | 2021 | Safe Motherhood Programme Women reporting at least one pregnancy since January 2004 (208 816) |
India 2002–2008 |
| Interrupted time series analysis | ||||
| 17 | Powell-Jackson et al43 | 2009 | Nepal’s Safe Delivery Incentive Programme Women delivering in health facility with less than 3 children or obstetric complication (7613 before programme, 7186 after) |
Nepal (Makwanpur district) 2001–2007 |
| 18 | Okoli et al33 | 2014 | SURE-P/MCH Pregnant women (20 133) |
Nigeria (9 states) January 2012 to March 2014 |
CCT, conditional cash transfer; SURE-P/MCH, Subsidy Reinvestment and Empowerment Programme/Maternal and Child Health.