Table 5.
Poverty-related treatment effects from included studies containing information on poverty
| No | Author(s) | Year | Programme and benefits (adjusted for inflation, showing 2022 value) |
Outcome description | Population group | Treatment effect | Statistical information | Data source |
| 10 | Edmond et al34 | 2019 | CCT programme (Afghanistan) US$16.5 per pregnancy Community health workers receive US$5.5 for each facility-based delivery. |
One or more ANC visits | Poorest quintile | 43.2% AMD (43.2% higher than control group) |
Control: NA 95% CI −0.17 to 1.03 P=0.145 |
Survey HMIS |
| Second poorest quintile | 55.4% AMD (55.4% higher than control group) |
Control: NA 95% CI 0.10 to 1.00 P=0.021 |
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| Third poorest quintile | 58.0% AMD (58.0% higher than control group) |
Control: NA 95% CI 0.23 to 0.94 P=0.004 |
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| Second wealthiest quintile | 29.0% AMD (29.0% higher than control group) |
Control: NA 95% CI −0.08 to 0.66 P=0.112 |
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| Wealthiest quintile | 28.8% AMD (28.8% higher than control group) |
Control: NA 95% CI −0.04 to 0.61 P=0.077 |
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| 11 | Chakrabarti et al39 | 2021 | Mamata Scheme (India) US$70 per pregnancy Community health workers receive US$2.5 per programme beneficiary. |
Four or more ANC visits | Poorest two quintiles | 1.82 OR (odds of ANC being 1.82 times higher than control group) |
Control: NA 95% CI 1.30 to 2.56 |
Survey (NFHS second, third and fourth waves) |
| Wealthiest three quintiles | 1.19 OR (odds of ANC being 1.19 times higher than control group) |
Control: NA 95% CI 0.95 to 1.49 |
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| 13 | Aizawa40 | 2020 | Safe Motherhood Programme (India) US$8.5–US$20.5 per pregnancy Community health workers receive US$3 for each facility-based delivery. |
Three or more ANC visits | Poor (or women with a below-the-poverty card and experienced up to a second live birth or women belonging to a scheduled caste/tribe and experienced up to a second live birth) |
0.0997 RC (23.7% increase) Note this coefficient is a combination of two coefficients: 0.07671 and 0.02302 which come with different SE and p values. |
Control: 0.42 SE1: 0.0252 SE2: 0.0273 P1<0.01 P2>0.1 |
Survey (NFHS third and fourth waves) |
| Non-poor | 0.0767 RC (18.3% increase) |
Control: 0.42 SE: 0.0252 P<0.01 |
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| 14 | Joshi and Sivaram32 | 2014 | Safe Motherhood Programme (India) US$8.5–US$20.5 per pregnancy Community health workers receive US$3 for each facility-based delivery. |
Three or more ANC visits | Poorest quintile | 0.005 RC (0.74% increase) |
Control: 0.680 SE: 0.010 P>0.1 |
Survey (DLHS-II and DLHS-III) |
| All quintiles | −0.004 RC (1.3% decrease) |
Control: 0.298 SE: 0.010 P>0.1 |
Treatment effects include regression coefficients (RC), odds ratios (OR), adjusted means difference (AMD) or other types described in full. Financial benefits are maximum amounts and can vary among beneficiaries depending on compliance with conditions. Amounts per pregnancy presented in 2022 values using US Inflation Calculator.24
ANC, antenatal care; CCT, conditional cash transfer; CI, confidence interval; DLHS, District Level Health Survey; HMIS, Health Management Information System; NA, not available; NFHS, National Family Health Survey; SE, standard error.