Table 2.

Association between stigma and engagement in HIV care among 306 HIV-positive women who inject drugs participants, Kyiv, Ukraine, November 2019–November 2020

	OR (95% CI)	aOR (95% CI)
Internalized stigma
Neither stigma in both categories	Reference	Reference
Drug use stigma only	0.44 (0.21, 0.91)***	0.40 (0.18, 0.89)*
HIV stigma only	0.57 (0.24, 1.36)	0.79 (0.32, 1.97)
Both drug use and HIV status	0.38 (0.22, 0.65)***	0.54 (0.31, 0.95)*
Enacted Stigma
Neither stigma in both categories	Reference	Reference
Drug use stigma only	0.57 (0.30, 1.07)	0.49 (0.24, 0.98)*
HIV stigma only	–a	–a
Both drug use and HIV status	0.51 (0.27, 0.96)*	0.44 (0.21, 0.89)*
Age
Less than 34 years	Reference	Reference
34 years or older	1.49 (0.95, 2.34)*	1.13 (0.68, 1.88)
Has any children
No	Reference	Reference
Yes	1.65 (1.02, 2.66)*	1.58 (0.94, 2.66)
Time since HIV diagnosis
Less than 5 years	Reference	Reference
5 years or more	2.25 (1.42, 3.57)**	2.31 (1.36, 3.94)*
Injects drugs almost daily or more
No	Reference	Reference
Yes	0.68 (0.43, 1.08)	0.72 (0.44, 1.18)

*p < 0.05, **p < 0.01, ***p < 0.001

^aOdds ratios not calculated for enacted HIV stigma group due to small cell sizes