Table 2.
Dynamics of P. falciparum molecular marker genes and putative mutations in Indonesia
| Year | Site | Molecular marker | Mutation | Number of mutation (%) | Number of isolate |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 2002 | Lombok [24] | pfcrt | K76N | 1 (2.1%) | 48 |
| K76T | 47 (97.9%) | 48 | |||
| pfmdr1 | N86Y | 17 (35.4%) | 48 | ||
| 2003 | Central Java [15] | pfmdr1 | N86Y | 102 (91.9%) | 111 |
| N1042D | 5 (4.5%) | 111 | |||
| pfdhps | A437G | 39 (35.1%) | 111 | ||
| K540E | 29 (26.1%) | 111 | |||
| pfdhfr | S108N, S108T or C59R, A16V | 94 (84.7%) | 111 | ||
| 2004 | North Sumatra [30] | pfcrt | K76T | 105 (99.1%) | 106 |
| pfmdr1 | N86Y | 40 (37.7%) | 106 | ||
| N1042D | 2 (1.9%) | 106 | |||
| pfdhps | A437G | 1 (0.9%) | 106 | ||
| K540E | 1 (0.9%) | 106 | |||
| pfdhfr | C59R | 57 (53.8%) | 106 | ||
| S108N | 87 (82.1%) | 106 | |||
| 2005 | Lampung [110] | pfcrt | K76T | 12 (75%) | 16 |
| pfmdr1 | N86Y | 16 (100%) | 16 | ||
| pfdhps | A437G | 5 (31.3%) | 16 | ||
| K540 | 16 (100%) | 16 | |||
| pfdhfr | C59R | 10 (62.5%) | 16 | ||
| S108N/T | 13 (81.3%) | 16 | |||
| North Sumatra [110] | pfcrt | K76T | 105 (99.1%) | 106 | |
| pfmdr1 | N86Y | 40 (37.7%) | 106 | ||
| N1042D | 2 (1.9%) | 106 | |||
| pfdhps | A437G | 1 (0.9%) | 106 | ||
| K540E | 1 (0.9%) | 106 | |||
| pfdhfr | C59R | 57 (53.8%) | 106 | ||
| S108N | 87 (82.1%) | 106 | |||
| Nias, North Sumatra [110] | pfcrt | K76T | 8 (100%) | 8 | |
| pfmdr1 | N86Y | 7 (87.5%) | 8 | ||
| 1042D | 0 (0%) | 8 | |||
| pfdhps | K540E | 0 (0%) | 8 | ||
| A437G | 0 (0%) | 8 | |||
| pfdhfr | 108N/T | 5 (62.5%) | 8 | ||
| 16V | 0 (0%) | 8 | |||
| Kutai, East Kalimantan [110] | pfcrt | K76T | 7 (77.8%) | 9 | |
| pfmdr1 | N86Y | 7 (87.5%) | 8 | ||
| pfdhps | A437G | 2 (22.2%) | 9 | ||
| pfdhfr | 108N/T | 4 (44.4%) | 9 | ||
| C59R | 0 (0%) | 9 | |||
| A16V | 0 (0%) | 9 | |||
| Minahasa, North Sulawesi [110] | pfcrt | K76T | 12 (48.0%) | 25 | |
| pfmdr1 | 1042D | 3 (12.0%) | 25 | ||
| N86Y | 14 (56.0%) | 25 | |||
| pfdhps | A437G | 4 (16.0%) | 25 | ||
| K540E | 1 (4.0%) | 25 | |||
| pfdhfr | A16V | 0 (0%) | 25 | ||
| C59R | 2 (8.0%) | 25 | |||
| A16V | 0 (0%) | 25 | |||
| S108N/T | 17 (68.0%) | 25 | |||
| Mamuju, West Sulawesi [110] | pfcrt | K76T | 10 (76.9%) | 13 | |
| pfmdr1 | N86Y | 5 (38.5%) | 13 | ||
| N1042D` | 0 (0%) | 13 | |||
| pfdhps | A437G | 1 (7.7%) | 13 | ||
| K540E | 0 (0%) | 13 | |||
| pfdhfr | A16V | 2 (15.4%) | 13 | ||
| C59R | 4 (30.8%) | 13 | |||
| S108N/T | 12 (92.3%) | 13 | |||
| West Sumba District, East Nusa Tenggara [110] | pfcrt | K76T | 43 (91.5%) | 47 | |
| pfmdr1 | N86Y | 19 (40.4%) | 47 | ||
| 1042D | 1 (2.1%) | 47 | |||
| pfdhps | A437G | 1 (2.1%) | 47 | ||
| K540E | 9 (19.1%) | 47 | |||
| pfdhfr | S108N | 27 (57.4%) | 47 | ||
| C59R | 12 (25.5%) | 47 | |||
| Flores Island, East Nusa Tenggara [110] | pfcrt | K76T | 13 (100.0%) | 13 | |
| pfmdr1 | N86Y | 3 (23.1%) | 13 | ||
| N1042D | 10 (76.9%) | 13 | |||
| pfdhps | A437G | 0 (0%) | 13 | ||
| K540E | 0 (0%) | 13 | |||
| pfdhfr | A16V | 2 (15.4%) | 13 | ||
| C59R | 3 (23.1%) | 13 | |||
| S108N/T | 11 (84.6%) | 13 | |||
| Armopa, Papua [110] | pfcrt | K76T | 8 (61.5%) | 13 | |
| pfmdr1 | N86Y | 3 (23.1%) | 13 | ||
| N1042D | 0 (0%) | 13 | |||
| pfdhps | A437G | 4 (30.8%) | 13 | ||
| K540E | 0 (0%) | 13 | |||
| pfdhfr | A16V | 0 (0%) | 13 | ||
| C59R | 0 (0%) | 13 | |||
| S108N/T | 9 (69.2%) | 13 | |||
| Kokap, Central Java [110] | pfcrt | K76T | 14 (70.0%) | 20 | |
| pfmdr1 | N86Y | 20 (100%) | 20 | ||
| N1042D | 0 (0%) | 20 | |||
| pfdhps | A437G | 1 (5.0%) | 20 | ||
| K540E | 1 (5.0%) | 20 | |||
| pfdhfr | A16V | 7 (35.0%) | 20 | ||
| C59R | 7 (35.0%) | 20 | |||
| S108N/T | 18 (90.0%) | 20 | |||
| 2006 | West Sumba District, East Nusa Tenggara [9] | pfcrt | K76T | 43 (91.5%) | 47 |
| pfdhps | A437G | 1 (2.1%) | 47 | ||
| K540E | 9 (19.1%) | 47 | |||
| pfdhfr | S108N | 27 (57.4%) | 47 | ||
| C59R | 12 (25.5%) | 47 | |||
| 2010 | Lampung [163] | pfcrt | K76T | 46 (100%) | 46 |
| Lombok, Sumbawa, Alor and Kupang islands [113] | pfmdr1 | N86Y | 131 (100%) | 131 | |
| S1034C | 131 (100%) | 131 | |||
| West Lombok [113] | pfdhfr | S108N | 37 (100%) | 37 | |
| 2012 | Lampung [164] | pfmdr1 | N86Y | 17 (85.0%) | 20 |
| South Kalimantan [29, 32] | pfdhps | A437G | 27 (100%) | 27 | |
| K540E | 9 (33.3%) | 27 | |||
| A581T | 9 (33.3%) | 27 | |||
| I588G | 12 (44.4%) | 27 | |||
| pfdhfr | C59R | 24 (88.9%) | 27 | ||
| S108N/T | 27 (100%) | 27 | |||
| I164L | 8 (29.6%) | 27 | |||
| 2013 | Jayapura, Papua [34] | pfdhps | K540E | 3 (30.0%) | 10 |
| South Kalimantan [9] | pfdhps | A437G | 27 (100%) | 27 | |
| K540E | 9 (33.3%) | 27 | |||
| A581T | 9 (33.3%) | 27 | |||
| I588F | 6 (22.2%) | 27 | |||
| pfdhfr | C59R | 24 (88.9%) | 27 | ||
| S108N/T | 27 (100%) | 27 | |||
| I164L | 8 (29.6%) | 27 | |||
| 2014 | South Sumatra [5] | pfmdr1 | N86Y | 25 (100.0%) | 25 |
| pfcrt | K76T | 25 (100.0%) | 25 | ||
| South Kalimantan [9] | pfdhps | A437G | 27 (100.0%) | 27 | |
| K540E | 9 (33.3%) | 27 | |||
| A581T | 9 (33.3%) | 27 | |||
| pfdhfr | C59R | 24 (88.9%) | 27 | ||
| S108N/T | 27 (100.0%) | 27 | |||
| I164L | 8 (29.6%) | 27 | |||
| 2015 | North Sulawesi [165] | pfcrt | K76T | 9 (100.0%) | 9 |
| pfdhfr | C59R | 3 (33.3%) | 9 | ||
| S108N/T | 6 (66.7%) | 9 | |||
| Minahasa, North Sulawesi [165] | pfcrt | K76T | 12 (48.0%) | 25 | |
| North Maluku [165] | pfcrt | K76T | 8 (100.0%) | 8 | |
| pfdhfr | C59R | 1 (12.5%) | 8 | ||
| S108N/T | 6 (75.0%) | 8 | |||
| Southern Papua [35, 74] | pfK13 | K13 | 0 (0%) | 65 | |
| Plasmepsin 2–3 | 0 (0%) | 74 | |||
| Northwestern Sumatra [150] | pfK13 | T474A | 6 (66.7%) | 9 | |
| C580Y | 1 (11.1%) | 9 | |||
| 2016 | Lampung [90] | pfK13 | G453W | 1 (20.0%) | 5 |
| V454C | 1 (20.0%) | 5 | |||
| E455K | 1 (20.0%) | 5 | |||
| Southern Papua [13] | pfK13 | K13 | 0 (0%) | 65 | |
| Plasmepsin 2 | Copy number | 0 (0%) | 74 | ||
| West Papua [106, 167] | Pfmdr1 | N86Y | 35 (81.4%) | 43 | |
| 2017 | North Sulawesi [14–16] | pfmdr1 | N86Y | 59 (62.1%) | 95 |