Table 2.
Incremental costs associated with cardiorenal comorbidities among persons with diabetesa
| Diabetes w/o cardiorenal conditionsb | Diabetes w/ASCVD | Diabetes w/Heart failure | Diabetes w/kidney disease | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Age, sex and calendar year adjusted models | ||||
| Overall costs | Ref | 10,330 (9376–11,285)c | 11,318 (11,089–11,547)c | 11,625 (10,441–12,808)d |
| Medical costs | Ref | 7833 (7096–8571)c | 9734 (8703–10,766)c | 8413 (7555–9271)d |
| Prescription costs | Ref | 2454 (2140–2769)d | 3565 (3056–4074)e | 3281 (2831–3731)e |
| Fully adjusted modelsa | ||||
| Overall costs | Ref | 8651 (7729–9573)c | 9373 (9010–9736)c | 9995 (8781–11,209)c |
| Medical costs | Ref | 6867 (6123–7612)c | 8366 (7340–9392)c | 7408 (6484–8333)c |
| Prescription costs | Ref | 1769 (1501–2037)d | 2561 (2124–2999)d | 2676 (2295–3058)d |
ASCVD, Atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease; HF, Heart failure
aValues in 2019 US dollars. All differences were significant at 95% confidence interval. Covariates in fully adjusted models include: age (10-year intervals), insurance coverage, sex, race/ethnicity, marital status, family income, region, year, and comorbid conditions (arthritis, asthma, cancer, high cholesterol, COPD, and depression)
bComorbidities of interest were ASCVD, HF, and kidney disease
cFor two-part regression: first part: logit; second part: generalized linear model (family = Poisson, link = log)
dFor two-part regression: first part: logit; second part: generalized linear model (family = gamma, link = log)
eFor two-part regression: first part: logit; second part: generalized linear model (family = inverse gaussian, link = log)