Table 2.
Effect of visual and auditory cognitive training on global cognition and the seven cognitive domains defined by MATRICS in schizophrenia subjects.
| VISUAL TRAINING (n=39) | AUDITORY TRAINING (n=40) | ANOVA COMPARING THE 2 GROUPS | |||||||||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
|
|
|
|
|||||||||||||||||||
| Baseline (mean (SD)) | 20 hours (mean (SD)) | 40 Hours (mean (SD)) | F ANOVA (time) | P-Value | Effect size (Cohen’s d*) | Baseline (mean (SD)) | 20 hours (mean (SD)) | 40 Hours (mean (SD)) | F ANOVA (time) | P-Value | Effect size (Cohen’s d*) | F ANOVA (time) | P-Value | Effect size (Cohen’s d*) | F ANOVA (group) | P-Value | Effect size (Cohen’s d*) | F ANOVA (time x group) | P-Value | Effect size (Cohen’s d*) | |
| Global cognition | −0.75(0.75) | −0.70(0.69) | −0.52(0.56) | 6.02 | 0.004 | 0.80 | −0.66(0.83) | −0.58(0.84) | −0.62(0.86) | 0.82 | 0.44 | 0.29 | 4.66 | 0.01 | 0.49 | 0.06 | 0.82 | 0.06 | 3.35 | 0.04 | 0.42 |
|
|
|
|
|||||||||||||||||||
| Speed of processing | −1.31(2.18) | −1.36(1.65) | −1.18(1.67) | 0.34 | 0.72 | 0.20 | −1.19(2.06) | −1.21(1.74) | −1.53(2.25) | 0.34 | 0.71 | 0.20 | 0.03 | 0.97 | 0.04 | 0.01 | 0.94 | 0.02 | 0.66 | 0.52 | 0.20 |
| Attention | −1.35(1.44) | −1.03(1.21) | −0.88(1.20) | 3.97 | 0.02 | 0.70 | −1.26(1.31) | −1.16(1.21) | −0.94(1.21) | 2.96 | 0.06 | 0.63 | 6.80 | 0.002 | 0.65 | 0.01 | 0.93 | 0.02 | 0.21 | 0.81 | 0.11 |
| Working memory | −0.30(0.87) | −0.33(0.99) | −0.24(0.93) | 1.63 | 0.20 | 0.46 | −0.12(1.19) | −0.05(1.07) | −0.24(0.96) | 1.28 | 0.29 | 0.41 | 0.04 | 0.97 | 0.06 | 0.34 | 0.56 | 0.04 | 2.87 | 0.06 | 0.41 |
| Verbal memory & learning | −0.21(1.16) | −0.22(1.08) | −0.21(0.94) | 0.25 | 0.78 | 0.20 | −0.05(1.05) | −0.08(1.15) | −0.06(1.12) | 0.43 | 0.66 | 0.20 | 0.05 | 0.95 | 0.41 | 0.57 | 0.46 | 0.19 | 0.60 | 0.55 | 0.20 |
| Visual memory & learning | −1.70(1.49) | −1.47(1.53) | −1.25(1.32) | 2.89 | 0.06 | 0.59 | −1.32(1.47) | −0.99(1.34) | −1.30(1.78) | 1.14 | 0.33 | 0.41 | 2.44 | 0.09 | 0.41 | 0.96 | 0.33 | 0.29 | 1.41 | 0.25 | 0.29 |
| Reasoning & problem solving | −0.17(0.73) | 0.08(0.46) | 0.18(0.44) | 5.75 | 0.005 | 0.84 | 0.02(0.58) | 0.11(0.50) | 0.29(0.47) | 12.74 | 0.00002 | 1.28 | 15.11 | 1.10−6 | 0.97 | 2.49 | 0.12 | 0.41 | 0.66 | 0.52 | 0.20 |
| Social cognition | −0.26(0.64) | N/A | −0.05(0.71) | 0.62 | 0.44 | 0.29 | −0.38(0.73) | N/A | −0.23(0.71) | 3.72 | 0.06 | 0.67 | 3.54 | 0.07 | 0.51 | 0.08 | 0.78 | 0.06 | 0.64 | 0.43 | 0.20 |
Means represent z-scores. Bold represents statistically significant results (p < 0.05). Italic represents trends for statistical significance (0.05 < p < 0.1).
*
Cohen’s d converted from Eta2.