Table 3.
Cross-reactivity of TBEV with other members of the Flaviviridae family.
| Country | Flavivirus | % Cross-Reactivity | Method | Reference |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Germany | DENV (1–4) | IgG 25.9%—TBE patients IgG 9.5%—vaccinated individuals |
ELISA |
Allwinn et al. (2002) [27] |
| United Kingdom | LIV | 68% | Mansfield et al. (2011) [20] | |
| DENV-2 | 38.5% | VNT | ||
| WNV | 7.1%—vaccinated against TBEV and JEV, 32.1%—vaccinated against TBEV, JEV, and YFV |
|||
| Austria | OHFV | 98–100% | VNT | Orlinger et al. (2011) [29] |
| Japan | OHFV | 79–86% | VNT | Chidumayo et al. (2014) [22] |
| Germany | LIV | 80% 1 | ELISA/VNT | Klaus et al. (2014) [3] |
| WNV | 26% 1 | |||
| Croatia | WNV USUV |
IgG 15.4%; IgM 8.0% IgG 13.5% |
ELISA | Project CRONEUROARBO (2017–2021), unpublished data |
| United States of America, United Kingdom, Czech Republic |
LGTV, LIV, OHFV, POWV, KFDV | Neutralizing activity detected |
VNT | Agudelo et al. (2021) [19] |
1 Animal samples (sheep, horses, respectively). ELISA = enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay; VNT = virus neutralization test; DENV = dengue virus, LIV = louping ill virus, WNV = West Nile virus, TBEV = tick-borne encephalitis virus; JEV = Japanese encephalitis virus; OHFV = Omsk hemorrhagic fever, USUV = Usutu virus; LGTV = Langat virus, POWV = Powassan virus, KFDV = Kyasanur Forest disease virus, YFV = yellow fever virus.