TABLE 2.
Contents of the FIBROWALK program (i.e., Pain Neuroscience Education, Therapeutic Exercise, Cognitive Behavioral Therapy, and Mindfulness Training).
| Pain neuroscience education (PNE) |
|---|
| 1. Disassembling beliefs |
| 2. Danger signals: modulation and modification |
| 3. Concept of pain, fatigue, and pain system |
| 4. Concept of central nervous system and central sensitization. The role of the brain |
| 5. Acute vs. chronic pain: The purpose of acute pain and how it originates in the nervous central system |
| 6. Pain vs. damage |
| 7. Pain neuromatrix theory and representation of the virtual body |
| 8. Nociception, nociceptors, action potential, peripheral sensitization, and synapses |
| 9. Ascending and descending inhibitory pathways, spinal cord |
| 10. Relationship with attention, perception, pain cognitions, and pain behaviors |
| 11. Allodynia and hyperalgesia, hypersensitivity of the nervous central system |
| 12. Pain memory, pain perception, and autoimmune evaluation error |
| 13. Relationship with stress. Etiology |
| 14. Neuroplasticity and how the pain becomes chronic |
| 15. Relationship with emotions |
| 16. Re-education, gradual activity, and therapeutic exercise |
| Therapeutic Exercise (TE) |
| 1. Essential and necessary movement |
| 2. Set a basal minimum of activity |
| 3. Individualized gradual program |
| 4. Small increases, patterns |
| 5. Activities contingent on the task, not over time |
| 6. Involvement in the tasks of daily life |
| 7. Lifestyle change: cognitive coping strategies |
| 8. Double tasks: focused on the following cognitive/affective targets: positive affect, negative affect, self-efficacy, catastrophic thinking, pain and fatigue |
| Cognitive Behavioral Therapy (CBT) |
| 1. Relaxation and breathing |
| 2. Modulating factors of pain |
| 3. Catastrophizing and fear of movement (fear avoidance model) |
| 4. Painful experiences: confrontation (fear avoidance model) |
| 5. Vital values and setting goals |
| 6. Organization of time |
| 7. Sleep patterns |
| 8. Sexual issues |
| 9. Handling of attention |
| 10. Cognitive restructuring |
| 11. Emotional regulation tasks focused on identifying and promoting a more adaptive use of the following cognitive/affective regulation skills: self-blame, acceptance, rumination, focus on the positive, focus on plans, positive reassessment, put in perspective, catastrophizing, blaming others |
| 12. Troubleshooting |
| Mindfulness Training (MT) |
| 1. An Introduction to Body Scanning |
| 2. Elementary Awareness |
| 3. Sitting Practice and introduction to Yoga |
| 4. Mindfulness and the brain |
| 5. Mindfulness and communication: guilt, empathy, and conflict management |
| 6. Responding vs. reacting |
| 7. Dig deeper into personal practice |
| 8. Mindfulness and Compassion: Strength vs. Cooperation |
| 9. Stress Management |
| 10. Thoughts Management |
| 11. Management of difficult emotions or feelings |
| 12. Dig deeper into personal practice |
Note: More details on the interventions and program-associated materials and clinical guidelines (Serrat et al., 2022b) can be accessed through a reasonable request to the corresponding author.