Table 4.

PROMIS Pain Interference and Pain Behavior Dutch reference values by age and gender and compared with the US reference population [61].

	Pain interference				Pain behavior
	Dutch population, n (%)	US population, n (%)	Dutch mean T-score (SD)a	US mean T-score (SD)a	Dutch population, n (%)	US population, n (%)	Dutch mean T-score (SD)a	US mean T-score (SD)a
Total	1052 (100)	3036 (100)	54.9 (8.6)	50.0 (10.0)	1052 (100)	3050 (100)	52.0 (9.4)	50.0 (10.0)
Gender
Male	499 (47)	1180 (39)	54.7 (8.7)	48.3 (9.3)	499 (47)	1199 (39)	51.7 (9.5)	49.0 (9.7)
Female	553 (53)	1856 (61)	55.0 (8.5)	51.1 (10.3)	553 (53)	1851 (61)	52.3 (9.4)	50.7 (10.1)
Age in years
18–34	200 (19)	712 (23)	52.3 (8.9)	47.8 (9.0)	200 (19)	699 (23)	49.5 (11.0)	47.6 (10.2)
35–44	174 (16)	548 (18)	54.5 (8.7)	50.1 (10.2)	174 (16)	561 (18)	52.7 (9.1)	50.0 (10.6)
45–54	156 (15)	499 (17)	55.9 (8.2)	51.9 (11.1)	156 (15)	507 (17)	53.3 (9.0)	52.2 (10.1)
55–64	239 (23)	488 (16)	56.6 (8.4)	51.6 (10.9)	239 (23)	507 (17)	53.1 (9.1)	51.3 (9.7)
65–74	223 (21)	406 (13)	55.0 (8.2)	49.9 (9.3)	223 (21)	402 (13)	52.1 (8.5)	50.1 (9.3)
75+	60 (6)	383 (13)	54.1 (8.1)	49.7 (8.7)	60 (6)	374 (12)	50.9 (8.8)	49.7 (8.7)
Distribution-based thresholds (based on SD)
Within normal limits	695 (66)		<59	<55		641 (61)	<57	<55
Mild	203 (19)		59–63	55–60	322 (31)	57–61	55–60
Moderate	148 (14)		63–72	61–70	85 (8)	61–71	61–70
Severe	8 (1)		>72	>70	4 (0)	>71	>70
Anchor-based thresholds (based on self-reported limitations)
No limitations	238 (23)		45.9 (6.8)		168 (16)		44.0 (10.8)
Mild	456 (43)		54.1 (6.0)		548 (52)		51.4 (8.0)
Moderate	264 (25)		60.2 (5.6)		277 (26)		56.2 (7.7)
Severe	94 (9)		66.2 (5.1)		59 (6)		61.4 (4.6)

^aHigher scores represent more pain interference/pain behavior.

SD: standard deviation.