. Author manuscript; available in PMC: 2022 Nov 28.

Published in final edited form as: ACS Infect Dis. 2021 Nov 11;7(12):3125–3160. doi: 10.1021/acsinfecdis.1c00465

Table 3.

Summary of Advantages and Limitations of Ceramic Antimicrobial Biomaterials from the Past Decade Designed for Orthopedic Implant-Associated Infection Applications

ceramics
composition	tested in vivo?	antimicrobial activity	advantages	limitations	ref
calcium sulfate (dihydrate/hemihydrate)	yes	not evaluated	(1) promote osseointegration	(1) require antibiotics	141–143
				(2) limited duration of activity
biphasic nanohydroxyapatite/calcium sulfate	yes	bacterial clearance of 100% CFUs	(1) promote osseointegration	(1) require antibiotics	144
				(2) Limited duration of activity
β-tricalcium phosphate/calcium sulfate	no	5–40 days activity zone of inhibition (in vitro)	(1) promote osseointegration	(1) require antibiotics	145
				(2) limited duration of activity