Table 2. Crude and adjusted logistic regression analysis of hypertension unawareness (SBP/DBP ≥140/90 mmHg without a self-reported medical history of hypertension) in hypertensive individuals aged between 30 and 75 years by the study year (PREFREC 2010 and ENSPA 2019) in the provinces of Panama and Colon.
Odds ratio (OR) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs).
| PREFREC 2010 | ENSPA 2019 | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Crude analysis OR (95% CI) | Adjusted analysis | Crude analysis | Adjusted analysis | |||
| OR (95% CI) | OR (95% CI) | OR (95% CI) | ||||
| Model A | Model B | Model A | Model B | |||
| Demographic Factors | ||||||
| Sex | ||||||
| Women (reference) | 1 (ref) | 1 (ref) | 1 (ref) | 1 (ref) | 1 (ref) | 1 (ref) |
| Men | 2.49 | 2.30 | 2.31 | 2.19 | 2.13 | 2.09 |
| (1.60–3.89) | (1.33–3.96) | (1.29–4.12) | (1.62–2.97) | (1.42–3.20) | (1.37–3.17) | |
| Age group | ||||||
| ≥50 years (reference) | 1 (ref) | 1 (ref) | 1 (ref) | 1 (ref) | 1 (ref) | 1 (ref) |
| <50 years | 1.69 | 1.68 | 1.84 | 2.22 | 2.29 | 2.43 |
| (1.07–2.65) | (1.01–2.80) | (1.06–3.17) | (1.60–3.09) | (1.54–3.40) | (1.57–3.76) | |
| Established risk factors for hypertension | ||||||
| Tabaco consumption | ||||||
| Non-smoker | 1 (ref) | 1 (ref) | 1 (ref) | 1 (ref) | 1 (ref) | 1 (ref) |
| Ex-smoker | 1.28 | 0.90 | 0.81 | 0.89 | 1.34 | 1.24 |
| (0.78–2.10) | (0.50–1.62) | (0.45–1.47) | (0.37–2.12) | (0.38–4.72) | (0.33–4.68) | |
| Current smoker | 1.64 | 0.56 | 0.56 | 1.53 | 0.94 | 0.73 |
| (0.66–4.10) | (0.16–1.95) | (0.16–1.97) | (0.68–3.42) | (0.34–2.58) | (0.27–1.98) | |
| Body mass index categories1 | ||||||
| Underweight | 3.38 | 2.62 | 2.36 | 0.69 | 0.89 | 0.88 |
| (0.88–12.98) | (0.52–13.11) | (0.46–12.01) | (0.11–4.49) | (0.24–3.35) | (0.24–3.32) | |
| Normal weight | 1 (ref) | 1 (ref) | 1 (ref) | 1 (ref) | 1 (ref) | 1 (ref) |
| Overweight | 0.70 | 0.64 | 0.63 | 0.96 | 1.09 | 1.16 |
| (0.41–1.18) | (0.37–1.09) | (0.36–1.10) | (0.60–1.54) | (0.65–1.85) | (0.68–1.98) | |
| Obesity | 0.45 | 0.45 | 0.48 | 0.60 | 0.79 | 0.76 |
| (0.25–0.80) | (0.24–0.84) | (0.25–0.91) | (0.39–0.94) | (0.47–1.34) | (0.44–1.29) | |
| Physical inactivity | ||||||
| No (reference) | 1 (ref) | 1 (ref) | 1 (ref) | 1 (ref) | 1 (ref) | 1 (ref) |
| Yes | 0.54 | 0.47 | 0.43 | 0.95 | 0.92 | 0.88 |
| (0.29–0.99) | (0.25–0.88) | (0.22–0.84) | (0.68–1.33) | (0.61–1.39) | (0.57–1.36) | |
| Family history of hypertension | ||||||
| No (reference) | 1 (ref) | 1 (ref) | 1 (ref) | 1 (ref) | 1 (ref) | 1 (ref) |
| Yes | 0.51 | 0.60 | 0.62 | 0.17 | 0.18 | 0.18 |
| (0.31–0.83) | (0.35–1.00) | (0.36–1.06) | (0.11–0.24) | (0.12–0.27) | (0.11–0.27) | |
| Self-reported medical history of diabetes | ||||||
| No (reference) | 1 (ref) | 1 (ref) | 1 (ref) | 1 (ref) | 1 (ref) | 1 (ref) |
| Yes | 0.85 | 1.00 | 1.09 | 0.31 | 0.57 | 0.55 |
| (0.45–1.60) | (0.51–2.00) | (0.54–2.19) | (0.18–0.54) | (0.32–1.02) | (0.31–1.00) | |
| BP assessment in the year before study enrollment | ||||||
| No (reference) | 1 (ref) | 1 (ref) | 1 (ref) | 1 (ref) | 1 (ref) | 1 (ref) |
| Yes | 0.31 | 0.48 | 0.46 | 0.25 | 0.35 | 0.35 |
| (0.18–0.54) | (0.27–0.86) | (0.25–0.87) | (0.18–0.36) | (0.23–0.52) | (0.23–0.53) | |
| Socioeconomic Factors | ||||||
| Region | ||||||
| Urban (reference) | 1 (ref) | 1 (ref) | 1 (ref) | 1 (ref) | ||
| Non-urban | 1.41 | 0.94 | 1.78 | 1.63 | ||
| (0.99–2.01) | (0.60–1.47) | (1.27–2.50) | (1.03–2.60) | |||
| Education | ||||||
| Higher education | 1 (ref) | 1 (ref) | 1 (ref) | 1 (ref) | ||
| Secondary education | 0.79 | 1.39 | 1.49 | 1.42 | ||
| (0.43–1.46) | (0.74–2.64) | (0.94–2.37) | (0.71–2.81) | |||
| No/primary education | 1.19 | 2.27 | 1.13 | 0.95 | ||
| (0.65–2.18) | (1.06–4.86) | (0.69–1.85) | (0.45–1.99) | |||
| Monthly Family Income | ||||||
| ≥1,000 PAB | 1 (ref) | 1 (ref) | 1 (ref) | 1 (ref) | ||
| 250–999 PAB | 0.90 | 0.69 | 1.68 | 1.39 | ||
| (0.45–1.78) | (0.33–1.48) | (1.08–2.65) | (0.68–2.81) | |||
| <250 PAB | 0.32 | 0.62 | 1.69 | 1.00 | ||
| (0.42–1.70) | (0.26–1.50) | (1.03–2.75) | (0.47–2.10) | |||
SBP = systolic blood pressure. DBP = diastolic blood pressure. OR = odds ratio. CIs = confidence intervals. BP = blood pressure. BMI = body mass index. PAB = Panamanian Balboa.
Model A = adjusted by sex, age group, ethnicity, BMI categories, physical inactivity, family history of hypertension, self-reported medical history of diabetes, tobacco consumption, and BP assessment in the year before study enrollment.
Model B = further adjusted by region, education, and monthly family income.
1According to World Health Organization (WHO).