. 2022 Jun 10;206(9):1096–1106. doi: 10.1164/rccm.202112-2745OC

Table 2.

Effect of HOMA-IR on Annual Decline in Lung Function (n = 307)

	Unadjusted		Adjusted^*
	Effect (95% CI)	P Value	Effect (95% CI)	P Value
Decline in FEV₁ ml/yr^a
HOMA-IR < 3	−12 (−19 to −6)	Ref	−13 (−19 to −6)	Ref
HOMA-IR 3–5	−44 (−56 to −33)	<0.001	−40 (−52 to −29)	<0.001
HOMA-IR > 5	−38 (−48 to −27)	<0.001	−32 (−42 to −23)	0.001
Decline in FEV₁%/yr^a
HOMA-IR < 3	0.3 (0.0 to 0.6)	Ref	0.4 (0.1 to 0.6)	Ref
HOMA-IR 3–5	−0.9 (−1.3 to −0.6)	<0.001	−0.8 (−1.2 to −0.4)	<0.001
HOMA-IR > 5	−0.7 (−1.0 to −0.3)	<0.001	−0.5 (−0.8 to −0.2)	<0.001
Decline in FVC ml/yr^a
HOMA-IR < 3	−17 (−25 to −9)	Ref	−17 (−25 to −9)	Ref
HOMA-IR 3–5	−47 (−60 to −34)	<0.001	−43 (−56 to −31)	<0.001
HOMA-IR > 5	−40 (−51 to −28)	0.002	−34 (−45 to −23)	0.02
Decline in FVC %/yr^a
HOMA-IR < 3	0.2 (0.0 to 0.4)	Ref	0.3 (0.0 to 0.5)	Ref
HOMA-IR 3–5	−0.9 (−1.2 to −0.5)	<0.001	−0.7 (−1.1 to −0.4)	<0.001
HOMA-IR > 5	−0·6 (−0.9 to −0.2)	<0.001	−0.4 (−0.7 to −0.1)	0.001

Definition of abbreviations: CI = confidence interval; HOMA-IR = homeostatic model of insulin resistance.

Adjusted models control for effect of body mass index, age at enrollment, systemic corticosteroid exposure, and annual number of asthma exacerbations.

^{^†}

P values compare the annual change in lung function to the reference group of HOMA-IR < 3 using ANOVA tests with the contrast function in STATA.

^{^a}

Lung function measured after maximum bronchodilator reversibility testing.