Table 5. Relationship between coffee consumption determinants and BMI according to gender.
* Variable with multiple response answers.
§ P-value has been calculated using Chi-square test.
** Significant at p<0.05 level.
| Factor | Level of BMI in all participants (n=389) | Level of BMI in males (n=167) | Level of BMI in females (n=222) | ||||||
| Normal N(%) (n=142) | Obese N(%) (n=131) | P-value § | Normal N (%) (n=56) | Obese N (%) (n=64) | P-value § | Normal N(%) (n=86) | Obese N (%) (n=67) | P-value § | |
| Frequency of drinking coffee | |||||||||
| Daily | 58 (40.8%) | 88 (67.2%) | 26 (46.4%) | 39 (60.9%) | 32 (37.2%) | 49 (73.1%) | |||
| Weekly | 63 (44.4%) | 38 (29.0%) | <0.001 ** | 23 (41.1%) | 21 (32.8%) | 0.436 | 40 (46.5%) | 17 (25.4%) | <0.001 ** |
| Monthly | 21 (14.8%) | 05 (03.8%) | 07 (12.5%) | 04 (06.3%) | 14 (16.3%) | 01 (01.5%) | |||
| How much do you drink per day? | |||||||||
| 1 cup (30 ml) | 21 (14.8%) | 16 (12.2%) | 07 (12.5%) | 09 (14.1%) | 14 (16.3%) | 07 (10.4%) | |||
| 2-3 cups (60-90ml) | 47 (33.1%) | 48 (36.6%) | 0.006 ** | 18 (32.1%) | 26 (40.6%) | 0.128 | 29 (33.7%) | 22 (32.8%) | 0.105 |
| ≥ 4 cups (≥ 120ml) | 27 (19.0%) | 48 (36.6%) | 12 (21.4%) | 22 (34.4%) | 15 (17.4%) | 26 (38.8%) | |||
| Favorite additives for coffee * | |||||||||
| Milk | 35 (24.6%) | 15 (11.5%) | 0.017 ** | 12 (21.4%) | 08 (12.5%) | 0.333 | 23 (26.7%) | 07 (10.4%) | 0.043 ** |
| Cardamom | 95 (66.9%) | 101 (77.1%) | 0.017 ** | 35 (62.5%) | 44 (68.8%) | 0.306 | 60 (69.8%) | 57 (85.1%) | 0.021 ** |
| Ginger | 23 (16.2%) | 22 (16.8%) | 0.991 | 09 (16.1%) | 10 (15.6%) | 0.980 | 14 (16.3%) | 12 (17.9%) | 0.946 |
| Cloves | 20 (14.1%) | 28 (21.4%) | 0.200 | 04 (07.1%) | 11 (17.2%) | 0.110 | 16 (18.6%) | 17 (25.4%) | 0.601 |
| Cinnamon | 10 (07.0%) | 06 (04.6%) | 0.054 | 02 (03.6%) | 04 (06.3%) | 0.541 | 08 (09.3%) | 02 (03.0%) | 0.016 ** |
| Any other calorie additives | 08 (05.6%) | 06 (04.6%) | 0.050 ** | 04 (07.1%) | 02 (03.1%) | 0.450 | 04 (04.7%) | 04 (06.0%) | 0.062 |
| Without additives | 28 (19.7%) | 23 (17.6%) | 0.248 | 14 (25.0%) | 14 (21.9%) | 0.774 | 14 (16.3%) | 09 (13.4%) | 0.235 |
| Usually eaten with coffee * | |||||||||
| Chocolate | 84 (59.2%) | 57 (43.5%) | 0.034 ** | 27 (48.2%) | 22 (34.4%) | 0.279 | 57 (66.3%) | 35 (52.2%) | 0.212 |
| Dates | 72 (50.7%) | 83 (63.4%) | 0.104 | 33 (58.9%) | 48 (75.0%) | 0.171 | 39 (45.3%) | 35 (52.2%) | 0.697 |
| I don’t eat anything | 12 (08.5%) | 14 (10.7%) | 0.175 | 03 (05.4%) | 02 (03.1%) | 0.708 | 08 (09.3%) | 02 (03.0%) | 0.106 |