Table 2.
Characteristics of 99 cases reported.
| Author, yr | Country | Gestational Ag (wks) | Sex | Birth weight (g) | CT | Time from line insertion to PCE onset | Effusion volume by ultrasound | Pericardio-centesis and volume of drainage | Drainage proved to be PN | Removal of catheter after PCE | Outcome | Type and material of catheter |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Abdellatif 2012 | Oman | 38 | Male | 2400 | Yes | 2 d | Huge; 40 mL | Yes | Yes | Yes | Alive | UVC; silicone |
| Abiramalatha 2016 | India | 34 | Female | 1500 | Yes | 3 d | 1 mm | Yes; 40 mL | Yes | Yes | Alive | UVC |
| Abu-dalu 1984 | Israel | 36 | Male | 1600 | Yes | 24 h | NA | Yes | NA | NA | Alive | Right subclavian vein |
| Aiken 1992 | New Zealand | 25 | Male | 790 | Yes | 17 h | NA | Yes; 8 mL | Yes | Yes | Alive | UVC; silicone |
| Akbay 2019 | Turkey | 28 | Female | 1070 | Yes | 7 d | Large | Yes; 16 mL | No | Yes | Alive | PICC |
| Aktaş 2016 | Turkey | 28 | Male | 670 | Yes | 5 d | Large; 9 mm | Yes; 51 mL | Yes | NA | Alive | PICC; polyurethane |
| Al Nemri 2006 | Turkey | 32 | Female | 1620 | Yes | 1 d | NA | NA | NA | NA | Dead | UVC |
| Al Nemri 2006 | Turkey | NA | Female | 2975 | Yes | 1 d | Large; 10–15 mm | Yes | Yes | Yes | Alive | UVC; polyvinyl chloride |
| Alabsi 2010 | Germany | 29 | Male | 1235 | Yes | 2 d | NA | Yes | NA | Yes | Alive | UVC; polyurethane |
| Almasri 2012 | USA | 24 | Female | 580 | Yes | <15 h | NA | Yes | Yes | NA | Dead | UVC |
| Arya 2009 | USA | 37+ | Male | 2520 | Yes | 4 d | NA | Yes; 9 mL | NA | Yes | Alive | UVC |
| Atmawidjaja 2016 | Malaysia | 33 | Male | 1360 | Yes | 7 d | Large | Yes; 25 mL | Yes | NA | Dead | NA |
| Bagtharia 2001 | UK | 28 | Male | NA | Yes | 80 h | Massive | Yes; 22 mL | NA | Yes | Alive | UVC |
| Bagtharia 2001 | UK | 25 | Female | NA | Yes | 48 h | NA | Yes; 20 mL | Yes | NA | Alive | PICC; silicone |
| Bar-Joseph 1983 | USA | NA | Male | 2500 | Yes | 3 d | NA | NA | NA | No | Dead | Internal jugular vein; silicone |
| Beattie 1993 | New Zealand | 27 | Female | 1040 | No | 4 d | NA | Yes; 5 mL | Yes | Yes | Alive | PICC; silicone |
| Cade 1997 | UK | 30 | Female | 1240 | Yes | 8 d | NA | Yes; 23 mL | Yes | NA | Alive | PICC; polyurethane |
| Carles 2012 | France | 35 | Female | 1525 | Yes | 40 h | Moderate | NA | NA | NA | Dead | UVC |
| Chen 2018 | China | 30 + 2 | Male | 1320 | Yes | 1 d | NA | NA | NA | Yes | Alive | UVC |
| Cherng 1994 | China | 37+ | Male | 2994 | Yes | 3 h | NA | Yes; 12 mL | Yes | No | Alive | Internal jugular vein |
| Chioukh 2016 | Tunisia | 27 | Female | 970 | Yes | 3 d | NA | Yes; 20 mL | NA | NA | Alive | UVC |
| Desai 2017 | India | 28 | Male | 980 | Yes | 2 d | NA | Yes; 9 mL | NA | NA | Alive | PICC |
| Dhanasekaran 2014 | India | NA | Female | 2200 | Yes | Immediately | NA | NA | NA | Yes | Alive | Left internal jugular vein |
| Dornaus 2011 | Brazil | 30 + 2 | Male | 1290 | Yes | 5 d | Marked | Yes; 25 mL | Yes | No | Alive | PICC |
| Elbatreek 2019 | Saudi Arabia | 31 | Male | 1300 | Yes | 8 h | NA | Yes; 15 mL | NA | Yes | Alive | UVC |
| Fusco 2008 | Italy | 26 | Female | 695 | Yes | 11 h | NA | NA | NA | NA | Dead | PICC |
| Fusco 2008 | Italy | 25 | Female | 720 | Yes | 24 h | NA | Yes; 15 mL | NA | NA | Alive | PICC |
| Fusco 2008 | Italy | 26 | Female | 850 | No | 10 d | NA | NA | NA | Yes | Alive | PICC |
| Gálvez-Cancino 2015 | Mexico | 35 | Male | 2180 | Yes | 2 d | NA | Yes; 40 l | NA | NA | Alive | UVC |
| Giacoia 1991 | USA | 26 | Male | 960 | Yes | 4 d | NA | Yes; 15 mL | NA | NA | Alive | PICC |
| Giacoia 1991 | USA | 28 | Female | 870 | Yes | 3 d | NA | NA | NA | NA | Dead | PICC |
| Gunay 2016 | Turkey | 36 | Male | 3600 | Yes | 36 h | NA | Yes | Yes | Yes | Alive | UVC; polyvinyl chloride |
| Guo 2018 | China | 38 + 5 | Male | 3260 | No | 8 d | 6.5 mm | Yes; 35 mL | NA | Yes | Alive | Right subclavian vein |
| Haass 2009 | Italy | 25 | Female | 630 | Yes | 26 d | NA | Yes; 6 mL | Yes | NA | Alive | PICC; polyurethane |
| Iyer 2014 | India | 29 | Female | NA | Yes | 2 d | NA | Yes; 15 mL | Yes | Yes | Alive | PICC |
| Kabra 2001 | Australia | 26 | Female | 774 | Yes | 3 h | Large | Yes; 3.5 mL | Yes | NA | Alive | PICC; silicone |
| Kaluarachchi 2015 | Germany | 31 + 1 | Male | 1730 | Yes | NA | Large | Yes; 6 mL | NA | No | Alive | PICC; polyurethane |
| Kugelman 2005 | Israel | NA | Male | 3050 | Yes | 2 d | NA | Yes; 40 mL | NA | NA | Alive | UVC |
| Kulkarni 1981 | USA | 26 | Female | 780 | Yes | 17 d | NA | Yes; 50 mL | Yes | Yes | Alive | Silicone |
| Leipala 2001 | Finland | 23 + 5 | NA | 685 | Yes | 14 d | Marked | NA | NA | No | Dead | PICC; polyurethane |
| Lemus-Varela 2004 | Mexico | NA | Male | 2960 | Yes | 2 d | Massive | Yes; 11 mL | Yes | NA | Dead | UVC; polyethylene |
| Lemus-Varela 2004 | Mexico | 29 | Male | 970 | Yes | 5 d | Significant | Yes; 27 mL | Yes | No | Alive | PICC; silicone |
| Lemus-Varela 2004 | Mexico | 36 | Male | 2175 | Yes | 3 d | NA | Yes; 26 mL | NA | NA | Alive | External jugular vein; polyethylene |
| Lemus-Varela 2004 | Mexico | 29 | Female | 1080 | Yes | 7 d | NA | Yes; 23 mL | Yes | NA | Dead | Right external jugular vein; silicone |
| Lemus-Varela 2004 | Mexico | 32 | Female | 1450 | Yes | 12 d | large; 6 mm | Yes; 18 mL | Yes | NA | Alive | PICC; silicone |
| Little 2004 | USA | 28 | NA | 1037 | Yes | 6 d | NA | Yes; 25 mL | NA | Yes | Alive | PICC; silicone |
| Liz 2020 | Portugal | 26 | Female | 690 | Yes | 11 d | NA | No | NA | Alive | PICC | |
| Megha 2011 | India | 38 | NA | 3350 | Yes | 2 h | Massive | Yes; 20 mL | Yes | Yes | Alive | UVC; silicone |
| Modelli 2014 | Brazil | NA | Male | NA | Yes | Immediately | NA | NA | NA | NA | Dead | Right internal jugular vein |
| Monteiro 2008 | Brazil | 37 | NA | 3450 | Yes | 5 d | Massive | Yes; 50 mL | NA | NA | Alive | UVC; polyurethane |
| Monteiro 2008 | Brazil | 38 | NA | 3725 | Yes | 48 h | Massive | Yes; 60 mL | Yes | NA | Alive | UVC; polyurethane |
| Morini 2006 | Italy | 29 | Female | 1150 | Yes | 1 d | NA | Yes | NA | NA | Dead | PICC |
| Mukerji 2016 | Canada | 25 | Female | NA | Yes | 24 h | Massive | Yes; 5 mL | NA | NA | Alive | PICC |
| Mukerji 2016 | Canada | 37 | Female | NA | Yes | 5 d | NA | Yes | NA | NA | Alive | UVC |
| Mukerji 2016 | Canada | 25 | Female | NA | Yes | 2 d | NA | Yes; 5 mL | NA | NA | Alive | PICC |
| Nadroo 2001 | USA | 34 | Female | NA | Yes | 4 d | NA | NA | NA | NA | Dead | PICC |
| Nadroo 2001 | USA | 26 | Female | 610 | Yes | 6 d | Very large | NA | NA | NA | Dead | PICC |
| Nicholls 1993 | UK | 34 | Male | 2200 | Yes | 4 d | NA | No | NA | NA | Dead | Internal jugular vein; polyurethane |
| Onal 2004 | Turkey | 39 | Male | 3450 | Yes | 60 h | NA | Yes; 80 mL | Yes | Yes | Alive | UVC; polyvinyl chloride |
| Pesce 1999 | Italy | 36 | Male | 2300 | Yes | 20 d | Massive | NA | NA | NA | Dead | Internal jugular vein; polyurethane |
| Pignotti 2004 | Italy | 29 | Female | 840 | Yes | 4 d | NA | No | NA | NA | Alive | Silicone |
| Pizzuti 2010 | Italy | 25 | Female | 620 | Yes | 17 d | Large | Yes; 2 mL | Yes | NA | Alive | PICC; polyurethane |
| Rajpal 2013 | USA | 34 | Male | NA | Yes | 4 d | NA | NA | NA | NA | Dead | Left subclavian vein |
| Ş Kayali 2016 | Germany | 27 | Male | 1120 | Yes | 19 d | NA | Yes; 15 mL | Yes | NA | Alive | PICC |
| Ş Kayali 2016 | Germany | 28 | Male | 895 | Yes | 14 d | NA | Yes; 20 mL | Yes | NA | Alive | NA |
| Scharf 1990 | Germany | NA | Male | 1210 | Yes | 24 h | NA | Yes | NA | NA | Alive | PICC; silicone |
| Scharf 1990 | Germany | NA | NA | NA | Yes | 7 d | NA | Yes; 19 mL | Yes | NA | Alive | PICC; silicone |
| Schlapbach 2009 | Switzerland | 25 | NA | 590 | No | 2 d | NA | NA | NA | NA | Alive | UVC; polyurethane |
| Schulman 2002 | USA | 27 | NA | 984 | Yes | 8 d | NA | Yes; 25 mL | NA | Yes | Alive | Right external jugular vein; silicone |
| Schulman 2002 | USA | 28 | NA | 1080 | Yes | 15.5 h | NA | Yes; 30 mL | NA | NA | Alive | NA |
| Sehgal 2007 | Canada | 28 | Male | 580 | No | 9 d | NA | Yes; 11 mL | Yes | Yes | Alive | UVC |
| Shannon 2014 | USA | 27 + 1 | Male | 840 | Yes | 11 h | Massive | Yes; 6 mL | NA | NA | Alive | PICC; silicone |
| Shenoy 2009 | USA | 28 | NA | NA | Yes | 3 d | NA | Yes; 30 mL | Yes | Yes | Alive | PICC |
| Shivalli 2017 | India | 33 | Male | 1600 | Yes | 7 d | NA | Yes | Yes | Yes | Alive | UVC |
| Singh 2018 | India | 29 + 4 | Female | 1100 | Yes | 3 d | Large | Yes; 12 mL | NA | NA | Dead | UVC |
| Soleimani 2019 | Iran | 27 + 5 | Male | 780 | Yes | 14 d | Large | Yes; 5 mL | NA | Yes | Alive | PICC |
| Stanek 1993 | USA | 24 | Male | 665 | Yes | <1 d | NA | NA | NA | NA | Dead | UVC |
| Sullivan 1987 | USA | 29 | Female | 850 | Yes | 48 h | Massive | NA | NA | NA | Dead | Right internal jugular vein; silicone |
| Suresh 2007 | India | 37+ | Male | 3500 | Yes | 72 h | NA | Yes; 18 mL | Yes | NA | Alive | Right femoral vein |
| Sutcliffe 1995 | UK | 26 | Female | 780 | Yes | 5 d | NA | Yes; 24 mL | NA | Yes | Dead | Right internal jugular vein |
| Tang 2019 | China | 29 + 4 | Female | 1500 | No | 3 d | NA | NA | NA | Yes | Alive | UVC |
| Tang 2019 | China | 31 + 1 | Male | 1640 | No | 2 d | Massive | NA | NA | Yes | Alive | UVC |
| Thomson 2010 | USA | 35 + 4 | Female | NA | No | 6 d | Very large | Yes; 70 mL | NA | NA | Alive | UVC |
| Törer 2009 | Turkey | 27 | Male | 910 | Yes | 10 d | NA | Yes | Yes | Yes | Alive | PICC; polyurethane |
| Traen 2005 | Belgium | 32 | Female | 1470 | Yes | 4 d | NA | Yes; 25 mL | Yes | NA | Alive | UVC; polyurethane |
| Traen 2005 | Belgium | 33 | Female | 1800 | Yes | 3 d | NA | Yes; 35 mL | Yes | Yes | Alive | NA |
| Traen 2005 | Belgium | 34 | Female | 1380 | Yes | 2 d | NA | Yes; 10 mL | NA | NA | Alive | NA |
| Tseng 2016 | China | 31 | Male | 1510 | Yes | 5 d | NA | Yes; 50 mL | Yes | Yes | Alive | PICC |
| Unal 2017 | Turkey | 29 | Male | 865 | Yes | 3 d | NA | Yes; 25 mL | NA | Yes | Alive | UVC |
| Van Ditzhuyzen 1996 | France | 35 | Male | 2300 | Yes | 4 h | NA | Yes; 10.5 mL | Yes | Yes | Alive | Right internal jugular vein; polyurethane |
| Van Niekerk 1998 | South Africa | 37+ | Female | NA | Yes | 1 d | 1.5 cm | NA | NA | NA | Dead | Right femoral vein; polyurethane |
| Walker 1972 | NA | NA | Female | 1540 | Yes | 2 d | Severe | Yes; 80 mL | NA | No | Alive | UVC |
| Warren 2013 | USA | 25 + 2 | Female | 580 | Yes | 10 d | NA | NA | NA | NA | Dead | UVC |
| Warren 2013 | USA | 26 | Male | 860 | Yes | 11 d | NA | NA | NA | NA | Dead | UVC |
| Warren 2013 | USA | 24 | Male | 580 | Yes | NA | Huge | NA | NA | NA | Dead | Right femoral vein |
| Warren 2013 | USA | 26 + 4 | Male | 671 | Yes | 3 d | NA | NA | NA | NA | Dead | UVC |
| Warren 2013 | USA | 41 | Male | 3142 | Yes | Immediately | NA | Yes | NA | NA | Dead | PICC |
| Wirrell 1993 | Canada | 26–28 | Female | 740 | Yes | 32 d | NA | Yes; 23 mL | Yes | Yes | Alive | PICC; silicone |
| Zou 2015 | China | 32 | Male | 1460 | Yes | 71 d | NA | Pericardiotomy | NA | NA | Alive | PICC |
CT = cardiac tamponade, PCE = pericardial effusion, PN = parenteral nutrition.