Table 1.
Resilience capabilities and their definitions.
| Resilience capability | Definition and brief description | Relationships between capabilities |
|---|---|---|
| Flexibility | The ability of the supply chain to adapt by redeploying various resources in response to disruptions. Flexibility ensures adaptability. Sources: Ali et al. (2017); Jüttner and Maklan (2011); Rice and Caniato (2003); Jüttner and Maklan (2011); Wallace and Choi (2011). |
|
| Redundancy | The ability to reserve some resources for use if disruptions occur. For example, additional capacity or stock is often maintained before needed, even though it may not be used, to make up for the capacity loss that could be caused by disruptions. Redundancy ensures continuity of function when supply is disrupted. Sources: Rice and Caniato (2003); Sheffi and Rice (2005). |
Some redundancy strategies contribute to flexibility and agility, e.g., using backup suppliers and building buffers for essential components, respectively. Sources: Lee (2004); Xie et al. (2019). |
| Agility | The ability of the supply chain to respond quickly to sudden and unexpected changes in demand and/or supply. Sources: Christopher and Peck (2004); Lee (2004). |
Improves flexibility by accelerating processes for responding to disruptions. Sources: Ali et al. (2017); Christopher and Peck (2004). |
| Collaboration | The ability of supply chain members to work together effectively for their mutual benefit in the face of risk and uncertainty. Sources: Jüttner and Maklan (2011); Pettit et al. (2010) |
Some collaborative practices improve flexibility and agility, e.g., information-sharing and mutual knowledge creation. Sources: Christopher and Peck (2004); Scholten and Schilder (2015); Wieland and Wallenburg (2013). |
| Visibility | The ability to access relevant information between or across supply chain tiers and is largely seen as a capability that enables the identification of root causes of supply chain issues. Sources: Brandon-Jones et al. (2014); Azevedo et al., 2013. |
Visibility, like collaboration, improves situation awareness, warning strategies and recovery times. Although visibility may be less relevant for anticipating the manifestation and impact of extreme events, it provides a basis for collaboration and improves agility Sources: Brandon-Jones et al. (2014); Christopher and Peck (2004); Christopher and Rutherford (2004); Vanpoucke and Ellis (2019). |